Language + Theories
What is language?
A set of symbols that convey meaning, and the rules for combining those symbols.
What does language development look like from birth to 1 year?
- birth to 2 months: physiological noises
- 2 months: cooing, 1-syllable noises
- 6 months: babbling
- 12 months: 1st word
What is the general framework for problem-solving?
define problem, assess -> generate potential solutions -> select solution and execute -> check results
What is the theory of Bounded Rationality?
In many situations our ability to make rational decisions is limited by things like a lack of information, time constraints, or emotions attached to aspects of the problem.
What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
One’s language determines the nature of one’s thought
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What are algorithms?
- step-by-step procedures that are guaranteed to achieve a particular goal.
What are the two types of preference decisions?
Additive Strategies: We list and rate the attributes of each option in order to make a decision
Elimination by Aspects: We make a decision by gradually eliminating unattractive alternatives
What is the difference between lexical meaning and connotations?
lexical = direct, explicit meaning formally given to a word; connotations = the feelings/evaluations we associate with a word
What occurs at 18 months - 2 years?
Vocabulary Spurt
Fast Mapping
What are subgoals?
intermediate steps to solve a problem.
What is the difference between subjective utility and subjective probability?
Subjective Utility=Estimating what an outcome is personally worth to an individual
Subjective Probability=Personal estimates of probabilities.
Describe the four components of language structure.
Phonemes - smallest units of sound
Morphemes - smallest units of language that convey meaning
Syntax - system of using words and their order to convey meaning
Pragmatics - practical aspects of using language
What is Broca's Aphasia? (Include Location of area)
B - frontal (MAC),difficulty with language production and inability to speak with proper grammar
trial and error, heuristics, working backwards, searching for analogies, changing the representation of the problem
What is the difference between an availability and represantative heuristic?
Availability Heuristic: Estimate probability based on how quickly you can remember relevant examples of an event.
Representativeness Heuristic: Estimate probability of an event based on how typical that event is
Compare Noam Chomsky's theory of language acquisition/ Behaviorist theory
behaviorism focuses on external factors and learning through imitation and reinforcement, while Chomsky's theory highlights internal, innate language structures and the natural predisposition humans have for language acquisition.
What is Wernicke's Aphasia? (Include Location of area)
temporal lobe (auditory areas) Word salad, difficulty in understanding language, comprehension, can't understand speech
What are 4 barriers to problem solving?
List the 7 types of errors in decision making. Explain 3 of them.
The Gambler’s Fallacy
The Law of Small Numbers
Overestimating the Improbable
Underestimating the Probable
Confirmation Bias
Overconfidence
Framing