THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE
This is the system of signs we use to communicate thoughts and emotions.
What is language?
Culture can be understood as the shared system of this among members of a group.
What is meaning?
The way people speak can show their belonging to this kind of group.
What is a social or cultural group?
Language not only expresses culture but also this, meaning it shapes and symbolizes it.
What is embodies culture?
This academic field studies how language and culture influence each other.
What is linguistic anthropology?
According to Kramsch, language is not just words but also this reflection of human experience.
What is culture?
This term refers to the cultural knowledge that allows members of a group to act appropriately.
What is cultural competence?
Using language to express belonging and difference is called this.
What is identity construction?
Misunderstandings between speakers from different cultures are called this.
What are intercultural misunderstandings?
Kramsch identifies language as this type of system, part linguistic, part cultural.
What is a symbolic system?
Language is described as a social semiotic: this means it’s a system of signs created through this.
What is social interaction?
Kramsch states that culture is both a product and a process, meaning it is created and constantly this.
What is changing or evolving?
When speakers mix languages or dialects to express multiple identities, it’s known as this.
What is code-switching?
Kramsch explains that successful communication requires understanding not just words, but this.
What is context or cultural context?
The connection between language and culture became central in linguistics after the work of these two scholars.
Who are Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf?
Kramsch says language shapes this, influencing how people perceive the world.
What is reality or worldview?
Everyday speech, gestures, and norms are examples of this kind of culture.
What is daily (or everyday) culture?
Kramsch emphasizes that language creates this shared sense of belonging among its users.
What is community or social identity?
The ability to adapt communication across cultures is known as this competence.
What is intercultural communicative competence?
Kramsch emphasizes that to learn a new language is also to adopt this new way of being.
What is a new cultural perspective or worldview?
This linguistic theory argues that our language determines how we think.
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity)?
The invisible set of values, beliefs, and attitudes that influence behavior represents this “deep” level of culture.
What is the underlying or deep culture?
This term describes when a person feels “in between” two linguistic and cultural identities.
What is intercultural or hybrid identity?
This field of study explores how language use varies across cultures.
What is sociolinguistics?
This concept refers to how language creates and negotiates social relationships.
What is discourse?