Modals of Necessity
Modals of Certainty
Passive Voice
Progressive Passives
Stative Passive
100
This modal expresses an obligation imposed by an external rule or authority, as in, "You ______ wear a uniform at school.
Have to
100
This modal expresses a high degree of logical conclusion or certainty, as in, "The lights are off, so they ______ be home."
Must
100
The two essential components of every passive verb structure.
A form of 'be' and the Past Participle
100
This passive form is used to describe an action that is ongoing or temporary.
Progressive Passive
100
This passive structure describes the condition or result of a previous action, focusing on the state of the subject.
clue 
Stative Passive
200
This modal expresses a strong, often personal, necessity or duty, like "I ______ study harder to pass the exam."
Must
200
The modal used to express strong negative certainty, meaning you are sure something is not true, as in, "That story ______ be true."
Can't or Couldn't
200
WIN 200
200
This word is inserted between the conjugated form of 'be' and the past participle in a progressive passive structure.
Being
200
In this passive, the past participle is often described as functioning grammatically as this part of speech.
Adjective
300
This modal structure means something is not required or is optional, as in, "You ______ pay for parking on Sundays."
Don't have to
300
These two modal verbs express a moderate level of possibility or less definite certainty.
MAY OR MIGHT 67
300
Convert this active sentence to the simple passive voice: "The company designed the website."
The website was designed by the company.
300
Form the progressive passive for the Present Continuous tense: "The road ______ repaired right now."
Is being repaired
300
FREE 300
400
The past form of "have to," used for obligations that existed in the past, as in, "We ______ reschedule the meeting."
Had to
400
The full structure used to express moderate certainty about a past event, as in, "He ______ missed the bus."
Modal+...
Modal + Have + Past Participle
400
The main function of the passive voice when the performer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
To emphasize the action or the receiver of the action
400
Convert this active sentence to the progressive passive: "They were painting the mural all morning."
The mural was being painted all morning.
400
The verb often used instead of 'be' in the stative passive to show a transition or change to a new state, like "He ______ worried about the results.
Get
500
The difference between using "Must not" and "Don't have to".
Prohibition (Must not)
Lack of Necessity (Don't have to).
500
This modal expresses a firm expectation that something is true, often based on what is generally known, as in, "The repair ______ be finished by now."
Should
500
The correct passive structure for the Past Perfect tense, as in, "The contract ______ signed before the meeting."
Had been + Past Participle
500
The specific name of the passive structure that can only be used with continuous tenses
Progressive Passive
500
Use the stative passive to describe the current state of the subject in this sentence: "Someone broke the window last night.
The window is broken.