Heritage
With over 175 000 speakers, this is one of the few Native American languages still used as a home language.
What is Navajo?
Study abroad participants in Germany spoke more of this language.
What is English?
Instead of allowing heritage speakers of Spanish to speak their dialect, American teachers prefer they speak this.
What is standardized/standard Spanish?
The gap between language learned in class and how language is used in the "real world".
Inert knowledge problem
Quichua or Kichwa (or, Quechua or Kechwa) is mainly spoken in these countries.
What is Ecuador, and also Peru and Bolivia?
Students mainly used German for this purpose.
The SHALL project involved students translating from this language into English.
What is Hawai'i Creole English? (also correct: Ilokano, Samoan)
Claire Kramsch (2009) theorized that many teachers view students as this: teaching them as "receivers of input" and "producers of output".
What are "talking heads"?
Because of marginalization of communities, many heritage language speakers have arranged for these kinds of schools in their communities.
What is supplementary or complementary?
Students used this ratio of English:German.
What is 4:3? (four hours:three hours)
This country was impacted by the Swann Report in the 1980s, Education for All, which established having bilingual support staff in an English-only classroom; however, by the 1990s, the country put more focus on learning standard English and have supplementary language schools.
What is England?
This model of development views learning as a socially mediated activity, in which the teacher supports the students learning.
What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?
Speakers of this language view speakers of Bengali as "snobbish".
Students never reported using this form of digital media.
What is gaming?
The European Union has the official policy of MT+2, or this.
What is "mother tongue + 2"?
This type of language use is characterized by a focus on skills and use of knowledge.
What is performative language?