Language Differences
The ability to speak two languages.
What is bilingualism?
The ability to speak in two or more dialects
What is bidialectal?
A finger to the lips or a teacher's hand held in the air may communicate the desire for this
What is silence?
Slightly more than 40% of the parents of ELL students have not completed this level of schooling, compared to 9.3% of parents of non-ELL students
What is high school?
This act, reauthorized in 1974, 1978, and 1984, provides federal funds to help support bilingual education
What is the Bilingual Education Act of 1968?
The way an individual pronounces words
What is an accent?
The term used to describe when an individual alternates between two or more language dialects during a single conversation
What is code switching?
The amount of space between conversationalists, usually between 18 inches and 4 feet
What is conversational distance?
Abbreviated as BICS, these are adequate everyday conversational skills that are inadequate to function in high-level academic situations
What are basic interpersonal communicative skills?
These programs include students with an English background and students from one other home language, and offer benefits such as bilingualism, biliteracy and multicultural competencies
(Richland School District does not have one of these programs)
What are dual-language immersion programs?
When a second language replaces the first language a person learns
What is subtractive bilingualism?
This system of signing parallels the English language
What is signed English?
Some cultural groups are more prone to this type of contact than others
What is physical contact?
Supporters of this movement believe that English has always been the common language of the US, and have lobbied Congress to pass legislation making English the official language
What is the "Official English" (or "English Only") movement?
This group of immigrants had a 14% dropout rate in 2012, compared to 5% of white students and 8% of African Americans
Who are Hispanic immigrants?
A more-or-less secretive vocabulary of a co-culture group, such as using "bad" to mean "the best"
What is argot?
Differences in the pronunciations of vowels are a primary means of distinguishing these types of dialects
What are regional dialects?
People may form these based on physical characteristics such as skin color, body movements, and attire
What are prejudices?
This state has the largest number of ELL students, with 1,415,623 in 2011-12
What is California?
Historically, tests were normed primarily "with" or "on" this goup of children, meaning that values and scores of others were not equitably factored in when standards were determined
Who are white, middle-class children?
The percentage of children in the United States who speak languages other than English in the home
What is 22%?
Along with African American Vernacular English (AAVE), the text refers to this dialect as a dialect related to lower social classes
What is Appalachian English?
These two gestures, which have postive connotations such as "perfect," "good," or "well-done" in most Western countries, may be considered obscene in areas such as the Middle East or West Africa
What are thumbs-up and the "OK" sign (circle formed by the thumb and index finger)?
The percentage of ELL students who were born outside the US
What is 35%?
In 1990 the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was amended and renamed this
What is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?