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Language as a system
Language as discourse
Language as ideology
Methodology
Famous researches
100
These minimal sounds have contrastive value in the sense that replacing one with another will make a different word as in pit-bit, or ten-den, and so forth.
What is 'phonemes'?
100
This term is used to refer generally to “an instance of spoken or written language that has describable internal relationships of form and meaning (e.g., words, structures, cohesion) that relate coherently to an external communicative function or purpose and a given audience/interlocutor” (Celce-Murcia & Olshtain, 2000, p. 4). Note: Discourse, a definition.
What is discourse?
100
It is “a systematic body of ideas, organized from a particular point of view” (Kress & Hodge, 1979, p. 6). Stated as such, it sounds rather simple and straightforward.
What is "ideology"?
100
This method which uses lots of drilling supports a structural view of language?
What is "the Audiolongual Method"?
100
He has persuasively demonstrated that language as system is amenable to scientific analysis and, in doing so, he has elevated our ability to deal with language as system to a higher level of sophistication.
Who is Noam Chomsky?
200
We learn from semantics that every item of such, which is a collection of phonemes arranged in a particular way, expresses a distinct meaning and that there are free morphemes that can occur independently
What is a morpheme?
200
In Halliday's view it comprises grammatical competence as well as sociolinguistic competence, that is, factors governing successful communication.
What is communicative competence (in Halliday's opinion)?
200
Therefore, “[it] is to study the ways in which meaning serves to establish and sustain relations of domination” (p. 56, emphasis in original
What is to/comprises the study (of) ideology?
200
These methods/approaches support the communicative/discourse/ideology view of language?
What is communicative approaches/CLT/TBL?
200
He sees language as a means to accomplish a social function and there are three metafunctions or macrofunctions in his view.
Who is M. Halliday?
300
Language as system enables the language user to combine phonemes to form words, words to form phrases, phrases to form sentences, and sentences to form these?
What are spoken or written texts?
300
This function represents the individual's meaning potential and relates to the expression and experience of the concepts, processes, and objects governing the physical and natural phenomena of the world around. A second function deals with the individual's personal relationships with people. The last function refers to the linguistic realizations of the ideational and interpersonal functions enabling the individual to construct coherent texts, spoken or written.
What are Halliday's ideational, interpersonal and textual functions of language?
300
This designates the entire conceptual territory on which knowledge is produced and reproduced. It includes not only what is actually thought and articulated but also determines what can be said or heard and what silenced, what is acceptable and what is tabooed
What is discourse?
300
These language learning approaches and methods are based on the interaction all view language.
What is Dogme/Startegic Interaction/Communicative Approaches?
300
He proposed this acronym when talking about language as discourse: Setting refers to the place and time in which the communicative event takes place. Participants refers to the speakers and hearers and their role relationship. Ends refers to the stated or unstated objectives the participants wish to accomplish. Act refers to the form, content and sequence of utterances. Key refers to the manner and tone (serious, sarcastic, etc.) of the utterances. Instrumentalities refers to the channel (oral or written) and the code (formal or informal). Norms refers to the conventions of interaction and interpretation based on shared knowledge. Genre refers to categories of communication, such as lecture, report, essay, poem, and so forth.
Who is Hymes?
400
This is a set of abstract concepts governing the grammatical structure of all languages that are genetically encoded in the human brain.
What is Universal Grammar?
400
Language communication is the product or the result of the process of interplay between the ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions of language. Through this interplay, a particularity of language is realized.
What is meaning potential?
400
A text means what it means not because of any inherent objective linguistic features but because it is generated by these, each with its particular ideologies and particular ways of controlling power.
What is discursive formations?
400
This is the view that language is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning. The semantic and communicative dimensions of language are more emphasized than the grammatical characteristics, although these are also included.
What is the communicative, or functional view of language?
400
In his book, Language and Symbolic Power showed the innumerable and subtle strategies by which language can be used as an instrument of communication as well as control, coercion as well as constraint, and condescension as well as contempt.
Who is Bordieu?
500
According to Chomsky this entails a semantic component that indicates the intrinsic meaning of sentences.
What is linguistic competence?
500
“There are rules of use without which the rules of usage are useless”
What (quote by Hymes) expresses that knowing a language is knowing not only the rules of grammatical usage but also the rules of communicative use?
500
This view goes way beyond the confines of systemic and discoursal features of language, and locates it as a site for power and domination by treating it both as a transporter and a translator of ideology that serves vested interests.
What is "language as ideology"?
500
This view sees language primarily as the means for establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships and for performing social transactions between individuals.
What is the interactional view of language?
500
He offers a three-dimensional definition of discourse “treating it sometimes as the general domain of all statements, sometimes as an individualizable group of statements, and sometimes as a regulated practice that accounts for a number of statements” (Foucault, 1972, p. 80).
Who is Foucault?