Language
Name some ways errors can occur in regards to language
Ambiguity in segmentation
Garden path sentences- expectations of what will occur
Damage- aphasias
overregularization errors
What are some skills theorised to be elements of creative thinking
Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Personality traits
What is syntax
Rules that govern the structure of a phrase or sentence
Eg the order the words must go in to make sense
What are some ways that language is constantly evolving
New memes and words in pop culture
Emojis
Name the 5 parts in the hierarchy of linguistic units in order from bottom to top
Phoneme, Morpheme, Word, Phrase, Sentence
Describe a problem solving-set and contemplate its effects
The collection of beliefs and assumptions a person makes about a problem. Formula
Also known as Einstellung
Can be useful to solve problems but people can stick with this strategy and not look for others. They then can get stuck when strategy does not fit
What are overregularization errors
application of a principle of regular change to a word that changes irregularly
eg I runned vs I ran
Have you ever found sleep helps you solve a problem?
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What are some types of damage/conditions that can occur in language processing
Nonfluent aphasia from damage to the broca's area: can understand language heard but cannot write or speak
Fluent aphasia from damage to the wernicke's area: can talk freely but sat very little
Name and describe problem solving heuristics mentioned in the textbook
Hill-climbing strategy: at each point choose an option that moves you closer to your goal= moving forward so people often have trouble moving backwards if they rely on this
Means-end analysis: compare current state to goal and think what do I need o do to make these more alike
Sounds can be categorised according to where air-flow is restricted. This is referred to as
Place of Articulation
Give an example of a garden-path sentence
The silk shirts are made of comes from overseas.
The old man the ships
I convinced her children are noisy
What does the textbook tell us about language learning
From wolf children we learn that language learning may depend on both a human genome and a human environment
Culture effects how we speak and therefore think- effects what you pay attention to
Wallas outlines 4 stages of creative thought. These are
1. Preparation= gather information
2. Incubation= sets the problem aside. Unconsciously working on this
3. Illumination= key insight or new idea emerges
4. Verification= person confirms new idea does lead to solution
What is functional fixedness and how can it hinder problem solving
Functional fixedness= the tendency to be rigid in how you link of an object's function.
Need to think outside the box to find multiple uses for objects rather than seeing them to have one purpose.
Discussion: how might your preconceptions and prior knowledge influence your decision in problem solving and how could this be a positive/negative thing
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