Understanding the foundations and fundamentals of inclusion
What is Special Education?
Special education involves delivering and monitoring a specially designed and coordinated set of comprehensive, evidence-based, and universally designed instructional and assessment practices and related services to students with learning, behavioral, emotional, physical, health, or sensory disabilities.
Cooperative Teaching Arrangements
One teaching/one collecting data/helping
parallel teaching
station teaching
alternative teaching
team teaching
multilevel teaching
students are given lessons in the same curricular areas as their peers but at varying levels of difficulty
How can I evaluate academic performance of our students?
An important goal of your inclusive classroom is to enhance the academic per-formance of all students. Therefore, effective and reflective teachers engage in formative assessment to collect data to support learning and summative assess-ment to collect data to document student learning.
What is formative assessment?
relates to your use of assessment strategies during instruction to monitor your students’ learning progress and to use this information to adjust your instruction to foster student learning
What is inclusion?
Inclusion is a philosophy that brings diverse students, families, educators, and community members together to create schools and other social institutions based on acceptance, belonging, and community.
STEPS IN COLLABORATIVE CONSULTATION
Goal and Problem Clarification and Identification.
Goal and Problem Analysis.
Plan Implementation.
reciprocal teaching
dialogue between you and your students
Test taking strategies
see response
What is summative assessment?
focuses on your use of assessments at the end of instruction to assess student mastery of specific content, topics, and concepts and skills taught and to report student achievement
fundamental principles of IDEA
zero reject
nondiscriminatory evaluation
free and appropriate education
procedural due process principle
family and student participation
Family Emotion Adjustment
Stage 1: Families may be shocked and dejected and experience grief and fear.
Stage 2: Families may be confused, deny their child’s disability, reject their child, or avoid dealing with the issue/situation by looking for other explanations.
Stage 3: Families may experience anger, self-pity, disappointment, guilt, and a sense of powerlessness that may be expressed as rage or withdrawal.
Stage 4: Families may start to understand and accept their child’s disability and its im-pact on the family.
Stage 5: Families may accept, love, and appre-ciate their child unconditionally.
Stage 6: Families may begin to focus on liv-ing, on the benefits accrued, on the future, and on working with others to teach and provide support services to their child.
multicomponent reading comprehension
comprehension strategy that is based on recipro-cal teaching is Collaborative Strategic Reading
Test directions
Make sure that your directions are presented in language students understand and that you include directions for each section of the test that contains different types of items
What is backward design?
a process for planning units of instruction and individual lessons by which you first determine the assessments you will use to evaluate your students’ learning
Response to Intervention Process
Tier 1: Primary Prevention: Universal Screening by General Education(Expected to serve 80-90% of students)
Tier 2: Secondary Prevention: Implement More Intensive General EducationClassroom Instruction(Expected to serve 10-20% of students)
Tier 3: Tertiary Prevention: Implement More Intensive and Individualize EffectiveSupplementary Instruction(Expected to serve 1-5% of students)
Tier 4:Assessment to Determine Eligibility for Special Education(Expected to serve 1-5% of students)
What is an FBA? What does it measure?
A functional behavioral assessment (FBA) is a person-centered, multi-method problem-solving process that involves gathering information to do the following:• Measure student behaviors.• Determine why, where, and when a student uses these behaviors.• Identify the academic, instructional, social, affective, cultural, environmental, and contextual variables that appear to lead to and maintain the behaviors.• Plan appropriate interventions that address the purposes that the behaviors serve for students
large group instruction
collaborative discussion teams
send a problem
numbered heads together
think-pair-share
engagement, motivation, and strategy prompts
-prompting students to ask questions, use test taking strategy, relax, review answers, and engage in self encouragement
What are testing accommodations?
variations in testing administration, environment, equipment, technology, and procedures that allow students to access tests and accurately demonstrate their competence, knowledge, and abilities without altering the integrity of the tests
Components of an IEP
-general basic information
-Current level of performance
-social, physical, behavioral development
-related services
-supplementary aids and services
-program modifications and supports
-instructional programming
-goals
-assistive technology
-participation in statewide assessments
Identifying Problematic Behaviors
Define the behavior
observe the behavior
see response
observational and sociometric techniques
Observations of students’ behavioral and social skills also can be recorded on checklists and rating scales.
what is authentic assessment?
A type of assessment where students work on meaningful, complex, relevant, open-ended learning activities that reveal their ability to apply the knowledge and skills they have learned to contextualized problems and real-life settings.