Fluids & Electrolytes
What are common symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Fatigue, muscle weakness, and confusion
What are the clinical manifestations of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Oliguria, elevated BUN/creatinine, fluid retention, and electrolyte imbalances
A sign of fluid volume deficit that can be seen in skin assessment
Skin turgor
What diagnostic tests are used to confirm pyelonephritis?
Urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scan
This medication, administered IM in a 1:1000 concentration at 0.01 mL/kg, is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis and should not be delayed
Epinephrine
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with metabolic akalosis?
Hypokalemia
Monitor for symptoms of rejection, infection, and support medication adherence
Priority nursing actions to prevent fluid overload when administering IV fluids
Monitoring intake/output, daily weight
What are priority nursing interventions for a patient with a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Encourage fluid intake, administer antibiotics as ordered, and monitor for complications
This type of transplant rejection occurs within minutes to hours of transplantation, has no treatment, and typically requires immediate organ removal
Hyperacute rejection
Name two IV fluids that have the same osmolarity as blood, so they expand the extracellular fluid without causing a shift of water into or out of cells
0.9% Sodium Chloride and Lactated Ringers (what type are they?)
What are priority interventions for renal calculi?
Pain management, hydration, straining urine for stone/stone fragments, and patient education for dietary modifications or possible lithotripsy/stent placement
Deep, rapid (Kussmaul) respirations indicate this acid/base imbalance
Metabolic acidosis
Name four signs and symptoms of sepsis
This daily medication regimen helps prevent an HIV-negative person from acquiring HIV when they have an HIV-positive partner or share injection equipment
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Which lab values indicate metabolic acidosis?
A patient receiving diuretics should be monitored for
Electrolyte imbalance, especially potassium loss
What are priority interventions for a patient with electrolyte imbalances?
Monitor cardiac rhythm, monitor labs, administer medications as ordered, provide dietary education
What are nursing assessment priorities when caring for a patient with an infection?
Monitor for changes in vital signs and signs of sepsis or worsening infection
These two age groups are at highest risk for developing sepsis
Infants under 1 year and adults over 65 years
Intervention for a patient with hyponatremia due to fluid overload
What complications are associated with peritoneal dialysis?
Peritonitis, catheter (or site) infection, and fluid imbalance
How does impaired renal function affect acid-base balance?
Nursing interventions when caring for a patient with sepsis
Administer antibiotics as ordered, and maintiain hygiene, hydration, and nutrition
What four symptoms can be acutely present (and in combination) to define anaphylaxis?
Respiratory distress, hypotension, GI distress, skin or mucosal irritation