México
What day is Mexico is Independence celebred?
September 16th
1. What is considered the most emblematic event that marked the beginning of the independence process in New Granada?
The Llorente Vase Incident in Santafé.
What is the date considered the beginning of Chile's Independence, when the First Government Junta was formed?
September 18, 1810.
What event triggered the move of the Portuguese royal court, including the Prince Regent, to Rio de Janeiro in 1808, a crucial step toward independence?
The invasion of Portugal by Napoleonic troops from France.
Which social group in the Spanish colonies, made up of children of Spaniards born in America, was the main driver of independence due to their political marginalization?
The Creoles.
Which of the following **external causes** directly influenced the weakening of the Spanish Crown and facilitated the start of the Independence movement?
The Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 and the imprisonment of King Ferdinand VII.
One of the external factors that drove independence was the crisis of the Spanish monarchy. What was the key event that triggered this crisis?
The invasion of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte and the imposition of Joseph I as king.
What is the name given to the initial period of Chilean Independence (1810-1814), characterized by self-government, internal political struggle, and nominal loyalty to the King of Spain?
The Old Homeland.
Who was the central figure who proclaimed Brazil's independence on September 7, 1822, and became its first emperor?
Prince Regent Don Pedro (future Pedro I).
Which was the first country in Latin America to declare its independence (in 1804)?
Haiti , which achieved its independence from France through a slave revolution led by Toussaint Louverture.
Which key document, drafted by **José María Morelos y Pavón** during the Organization stage, laid the foundations for the first project of an independent nation by proposing the abolition of slavery and popular sovereignty?
Feelings of the Nation.
Which military leader is known as the **'Liberator'** and was crucial in the Liberation Campaign that culminated in the independence of New Granada?
Simon Bolivar.
Which Chilean military leader, considered the **Father of the Nation**, led the Army of the Andes together with San Martín and became the first Supreme Director of Chile?
Bernardo O'Higgins.
What is the name of the symbolic event that occurred in January 1822, when the regent Don Pedro refused to obey the orders of the Portuguese Cortes to return to Lisbon?
Fico Day ('Eu fico').
Which of the following external events was the crucial factor that weakened Spain and motivated the beginning of the independence movements in America in the early 19th century?
The invasion of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte's troops.
In what stage of the movement, known as the **Resistance**, was the struggle kept alive by leaders like Vicente Guerrero in the face of the strong offensive of the royalist army?
Resistance (1815-1820).
What is the name given to the period of great internal instability (1810-1816) in which the provinces of New Granada, already declared independent, clashed with each other over the model of government (federalism vs. centralism)?
The Foolish Homeland.
The **Rancagua Disaster** in 1814 was a crucial event that marked:
The beginning of the Spanish Reconquista.
What was the main characteristic that distinguished Brazil's independence process from that of the Spanish-American colonies?
It maintained a monarchical form of government and territorial unity.
What ideological concept promoted the French Revolution and the Enlightenment, and inspired independence leaders with the idea that authority resides in the people?
Popular Sovereignty.
6. One of the fundamental guarantees of the **Plan of Iguala** was the **Union**, which promoted reconciliation between two specific groups. What were these groups?
Insurgents and royalists.
What important political project did Simón Bolívar create after liberating the territories of New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador?
Greater Colombia (Republic of Colombia).
What was the battle, which took place in **1817**, that marked the end of the Reconquista and the triumphant entry of the Army of the Andes into Santiago, giving rise to the New Homeland?
Battle of Chacabuco.
What is the name of the act by which Dom Pedro I formally declared the independence of Brazil on the banks of the Ipiranga stream?
The Cry of Ipiranga.
Which Argentine military leader is remembered for organizing the 'Army of the Andes' and crossing the Andes to liberate Chile and later support the independence of Peru?
José de San Martín.