PHARM
Name one of the absolute contraindications to the use of OCPs in adolescents
Acceptable answers: DVT, PE, stroke, known factor V Leiden/thrombophilia, migraine with aura
🇲🇽 Mexican chemist Luis Miramontes developed the first oral contraceptive (Norethisterone)
A 4-month-old female infant is brought in for her well-child visit. After reviewing her chart, you see that she had a recent admission for intussusception, which was treated with an enema 4 weeks ago. Which of the standard schedule vaccines is contraindicated for her today?
Rotavirus
🇲🇽 Dr. Carlos Arias is a Mexican virologist who developed the Rotavirus vaccine
A newborn infant with suspected congenital Chagas disease is admitted to the nursery. The clinician examining the baby will look for specific findings during the physical exam. What is the most frequent clinical sign of this diagnosis?
Hepatomegaly
🇧🇷 Dr. Carlos Chagas was a Brazilian ID physician.
Congenital Chagas Disease. Pediatr Rev (2023) 44 (4): 213–221. - https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2022-005
What is the Spanish word for vaccines?
A 14-year-old boy comes to the office with a dry cough. He denies other URI symptoms. You had recently referred him to a Pediatric Nephrologist to address hypertension, and he endorses that he started a new medication. On what medication was he most likely started?
ACE inhibitors (acceptable answers: enalapril, lisinopril)
🇧🇷 Dr. Sergio Ferreira was a Brazilian physician who developed the first ACE inhibitor from a local snake venom.
Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Rev (2017) 38 (8): 369–382. - https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2016-0106
Which mosquito-borne virus was associated with microcephaly in infants born to infected women?
Zika
A 10-year-old boy is brought in for evaluation of periumbilical abdominal pain that started 1 day earlier. Today, he has nausea and vomiting. The presence of which one of the following physical examination findings is most sensitive for the diagnosis of appendicitis according to the Alvarado Score?
Right lower quadrant tenderness (+2 points in the Alvarado Score)
🇨🇴 Dr. Alfredo Alvarado is a Colombian general surgeon.
Bridging the Gap: Pediatric General Surgery for the Pediatrician. Pediatr Rev (2023) 44 (11): 632–643. - https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2022-005894
What is the name of the Mexican cocktail made with tequila and lime juice?
Margarita 🇲🇽
An 18-year-old female comes to your office for contraception counseling. She is planning to become sexually active and wants to know what is the most effective contraceptive to prevent pregnancy.
LARCs. Acceptable answers: etonogestrel / Nexplanon.
🇨🇱 Dr. Horacio Croxatto is a Chilean physician who invented the first LARC (a levonorgestrel implant).
Contraception for Adolescents: Policy Statement. Pediatrics (2025) 156 (1): e2025072217. - https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2025-072217
A 5-year-old boy is admitted with new-onset Nephrotic Syndrome, and the Renal team is planning to start high-dose prednisolone treatment. He is up-to-date on immunizations. His family has recently immigrated from Venezuela 6 months ago. What is the best step to rule out latent TB in this patient?
IGRA
According to the CDC, TB blood tests are the preferred method of testing for people who have received the BCG vaccine (risk of false positive PPD).
A 9-year-old boy presents with a tender, swollen mass in his right axilla. On exam, there are multiple superficial linear abrasions. The family adopted a new kitten 1 month ago. What pathogen is most likely responsible for his symptoms?
Bartonella henselae
🇵🇪 Dr. Alberto Leonardo Barton was a Peruvian microbiologist.
Index of Suspicion. Pediatr Rev (2005) 26 (4): 143–147. - https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.26-4-143
How many FIFA World Cups were won by Latin American countries? ⚽️
10 (🇧🇷 5 + 🇦🇷 3 + 🇺🇾 2).
A term neonate in the NICU develops persistent fever and is found to have positive blood cultures for Candida albicans. Which of the following is considered the first-line antifungal agent for initial treatment of neonatal systemic candidiasis?
Amphotericin B
🇻🇪 Amphotericin B was developed using the Streptomyces nodosus bacteria found in a soil sample from the Orinoco River, Venezuela
Who should receive the Dengue vaccine in the US?
Children aged 9–16 years, with laboratory-confirmed previous dengue virus infection and living in areas where dengue is common (e.g., Puerto Rico 🇵🇷).
A holosystolic murmur that increases with inspiration (Carvallo's sign) is suggestive of which valve disease?
Tricuspid regurgitation
🇲🇽 Dr. Jose Manuel Rivero Carvallo was a Mexican cardiologist who described an inspiratory apnea maneuver to differentiate TR from MR
How many Latinos have won the Nobel Prize of Medicine?
3.
🇦🇷 Houssay (1947) - anterior pituitary hormones affect insulin production
🇻🇪 Benacerraf (1980) - MHC complexes
🇦🇷 Milstein (1986) - production of monoclonal antibodies
A 10-year-old boy with a previous history of seizures is brought to the office by his parents for international travel guidance. They are visiting family in an endemic area for Plasmodium falciparum. Which drug would be indicated for malaria prophylaxis?
Atovaquone-proguanil
🇭🇳 Honduran physician Dr. Salvador Moncada was involved in the research that developed Atovaquone
Preparing Children for International Travel. Pediatr Rev (2021) 42 (4): 189–202. - https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2018-0353
What is the name of the Yellow Fever vector?
Aedes aegypti
🇨🇺 Cuban Dr. Carlos Juan Finlay was the epidemiologist who discovered the mosquito that transmits the Yellow Fever
A child presenting with coarsened facial features, hepatosplenomegaly, joint involvement, and developmental delay was diagnosed with a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of keratan sulfate. What is the inheritance pattern of his diagnosis?
Autosomal recessive
🇺🇾 Dr. Luis Morquio was a Uruguayan Pediatrician who described Morquio syndrome, or MPS IV
What is the name of the school that Latino American wizards attend in the Harry Potter series?
Castelobruxo, located in the Amazon Forest 🇧🇷