ORIGIN STORY
The date Brown v. Board of Education was heard in the Supreme Court?
What is May 17, 1954?
The name of the Chief Justice that wrote the unanimous decision of Brown v. Board of Education.
Who is Chief Earl Warren?
The name of the Governor for North Carolina when Brown v. Board of Education was heard?
Who is William B. Umstead?
After a year of boycotting, the Supreme Court declared this was illegal.
What is segregation of busses? (People did not take this decision well. Busses were shot at, and Revered Ralph Abernathy's home and church were bombed.)
The historic decision of Brown, helped to eradicate the separate but equal standard that had originally been decided in this precedent.
What is Plessy v. Ferguson? (Heard in 1896)
What are two times? (The first argument was heard in 1952 and the re-argument was heard a year later due to further questions propounded by the Court.)
Governor Umstead originally complied with the decision with Brown v. Board of Education. What changed his mind?
What is, he wanted to preserve education, and acknowledge the new law without outright defiance? (He wanted to keep the support of whites and what they wanted, which was racially segregated schools)
Brown v. Board of Education was a combination of cases from these four states.
What are States of Kansas, South Carolina, Delaware, and Virginia?
Perhaps, one of the strongest arguments reached by the Court in Brown v. Board, that led to the deviation set by the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson.
What is "it is doubtful that any child should be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms."
After Governor Umstead's death, Governor (who was the Lieutenant Governor) Luther H. Hodges served in the role, which was at the time of Brown II. His opinion of Brown II was the following:
What is "We must keep the peace if we are going to keep the schools. This is a time for calmness and counsel. We need counsel instead of inflammatory headlines."
After segregation of bussing was ruled unconstitutional, this mode of travel also followed suit by the U.S. Supreme Court.
What is interstate travel? (In December of 1960, Supreme Court issued a ruling that interstate busses and bus terminals, were required to integrate. This legal development inspired members of the Congress of Racial Equality to ride Greyhound busses from Washington, D.C., to Louisiana, New Orleans.)
This person argued on behalf of the NAACP, the Brown case, before the high Court.
Who is Thurgood Marshall? (Later went on to become a Supreme Court Justice).
The type of tests Thurgood Marshall utilized as evidence, to show the effects the separate but equal clause, had on black children.
What are psychological/sociological test? (Performed by scientist, Kenneth Clark, this showed that black children had a tendency to make black children feel inferior to white children, and thus, such a system could not be legally permissible.)
Following the Brown decision, North Carolina addressed this by these two anti-integration responses:
What are The North Carolina Pupil Assignment Act of 1955 and the Pearsall Plan of 1956? (Pupil Assignment Act had three components which was best interests of the child, effective instruction of students, and orderly and efficient administration of the schools. This was intended to be a lengthy process...but...it showed North Carolina had an attempt to be complicit. The first Pearsall Committee, that had two main objectives: preservation of peace and preservation public education.)
This march took place in 1963, in an effort to boost jobs for African Americans in a wartime economy.
What is the March on Washington?
The name of the school Reverend Oliver Brown was fighting for Linda Brown to attend.
What is Sumner? (This school was within six blocks of her home versus Monroe, the school she was told she had to go to, which was further away).
The case in addition to Brown v. Board of Education, that was held responsible for being the reason all schools received a deliberate plan for desegregating the schools.
What is Brown II? (Brown II was responsible for providing a plan, as Brown did little to give states a timeline for when they needed to desegregate the schools. This was done in 1955.)
This most significant racial desegregation case had original roots, right here in Mecklenburg County.
What is Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg-County Board of Education? (Originally filed January 19, 1965, by North Carolina lawyer Julius Chambers. He was unsuccessful in Charlotte, due to the racial landscape and had to renew his effort in federal court a few years later, which eventually brought the case to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1971.)
This President won the three-way Presidential election, and would have a presidency met with his own trials and tribulations.
Who is Richard Nixon?