Classical Conditioning
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the CS
Stimulus generalization
After association is formed between CS and CR, learned responds to similar stimuli as if it was the original
Reinforcing small, successive steps toward a desired behavior is an example of
Shaping
Gerald wins a trophy and cash prize for winning a race
Positive reinforcement
Adding something desirable (trophy/cash) to increase the behavior (speeding)
My "box" is well known in the world of psychology, but the rats don't like it very much.
In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as this.
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed
You're trying to teach your roommate how to ride a bike. In the beginning stages, you want to use _____ reinforcement and once they learn the behavior shift to ______ reinforcement
Continuous; partial
Continuous reinforcement is best for learning new behaviors whereas partial reinforcement is best for maintaining behaviors
You're driving to class when you get pulled over. The officer gives you a ticket.
Positive punishment
The officer adds something undesirable (a ticket) to decrease the behavior (speeding)
He accidentally discovered Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
I change after conditioning (hint: think US, UR, NS, CS, CR) - two answers!
NS --> CS
UR --> CR
You get paid every two weeks. Your paycheck is on what reinforcement schedule?
Fixed-interval
Reinforcer comes after a predetermined interval of time (2 weeks) and target behavior (working) increases toward end of interval
A trainer pulls up on a dog's collar and commands the dog to "sit". The dog sits, and the trainer releases the tension on the collar.
Negative reinforcement
Taking away something undesirable (tension on the collar) to increase the desired behavior (sitting)
The first scientist to study the effect of consequences on behavior
Edward Thorndike
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus.
This schedule of reinforcement produces the most effective learning
Variable-ratio
The number of times a subject must exhibit the target behavior before a reinforcer is given changes across trials. The unpredictability of reinforcement results in very effective learning.
A puppy jumps on her owner once they return. The owner ignores the puppy by turning away and facing the door. The puppy stops jumping and begins barking instead.
Negative punishment.
The owner is removing something desirable (their attention) to decrease the behavior (jumping)
True or false: Classical conditioning only works on physiological behaviors (e.g., salivating)
False!
John Watson showed you can apply classical conditioning principles to human emotions.