Theorists
Research whose main research interest was digestion in dogs (work that earned him a Nobel Prize)
Who is Ivan Pavlov
initially neutral stimulus that you learn to respond to
What is a conditioned stimulus?
outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior
What is punishment?
learning by watching others; often models, those who are influential to us
What is observational learning?
the term describes that classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to food
What is taste aversion?
Developed a box that was a small animal chamber constructed to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised via electrical records.
Who is Skinner?
automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned.
What is an unconditioned response
the addition of an outcome or a consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior, e.g., giving a child a Hershey’s kiss for picking up his toys
What is positive reinforcement?
the notion that our interpretation of a situation affects conditioning. It suggests that conditioning is more than an automatic process.
What is cognitive conditioning?
tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement.
What is instinctive drift?
Two researchers that studied the affects of loud noises and a rat being paired with Little Albert
Who are John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning.
What is a conditioned response?
removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior (e.g., ending a child’s time-out for bad behavior once she’s stopped whining).
What is negative reinforcement?
cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action.
What are mirror neurons?
evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value
What is preparedness?
Described the Law of Effect principle that asserts that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future.
Who is Throndike?
the learning phase during which a conditioned response is gradually established.
What is acquisition?
The type of consequence by taking away homework
What is negative reinforcement?
learner experiences an “aha reaction” and doesn't seem to engage in trial and error
gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
What is extinction?
pattern of reinforcing a behavior
What is a schedule of reinforcement?
Psychology has moved from an S-R model to an S-O-R model of psychology, with O being this
What is the organism?