Pavlov's Dogs
What is the device Pavlov used to make a ticking sound during his experiments?
a Metronome!
What are conditioned responses help organisms anticipate danger or reward, enhancing survival through learned, adaptive reactions.
Evolutionary Function of the Conditional responses (CR)
What is the specific learning process step that took place when the dog's food in Pavlov’s experiment was taken away, and the dog's saliva gradually stopped showing?
Extinction
This form of tolerance develops when a person learns to adjust their actions to compensate for the drug's effects (acting sober despite being under the influence).
Behavioural Tolerance.
You got food poisoning from pizza once and now the smell of pizza makes you feel sick. What is this called?
Taste aversion
Stimuli such as water, food, and sexual conduct that do NOT need to be learnt. These happen instinctively.
Unconditioned Stimulus!
The ___ of classical conditioning, shapes behaviour in therapy, advertising, education, and training by linking stimuli with emotions or actions, helping treat fears, build habits, evoke feelings, and reinforce learning.
(The) Application (of classical conditioning)
How long after the extinction period would the dogs begin to salivate again?
24 hours
Why can taking the same drug dose in a new environment lead to a fatal overdose even for an experienced user?
Because the usual conditioned cues are absent and body will not activate satisfactory response which leaves it unprepared for the drugs effects (Siegel 1948, 2016)
A dog salivates to a bell, but not to a whistle. What is this?
What is stimulus discrimination
Why did the dogs begin to salivate at the sound of the metronome, and what kind of stimulus is the metronome now considered?
Over time, after being paired with food, the dogs began to associate the metronome with getting the food. The metronome became a conditioned stimulus.
Why are we more likely to fear snakes than flowers?
Our ancestors who quickly learned to fear snakes were more likely to survive, so evolution favored that quick fear learning. Basically, it’s a built-in survival advantage.
What was the controversy of John Watson and his wife's testing to find results on the topic of conditioned emotional responses?
they used morally wrong experiments (ex: Little Albert)
In Siegel's research, what happened when heroin was taken in a new environment rather than a familiar one?
Siegel's research findings suggest that rats given heroin in a new environment had a death rate of 64% compared to a 32% death rate of rats given heroin in a familiar environment. (Rats were more likely to die in an unfamiliar environment.)
A student’s phone buzzes, and they get excited thinking it’s a message. Soon, any phone buzzing makes them excited. What is this called?
Stimulus generalization
What is the real-world example of conditioning mentioned in this slideshow, and how does it work?
Exposure therapy: works by exposing the client to an anxiety-provoking stimulus that they're afraid of (e.g dog) without the feared consequence (the dog biting). This causes the client to over time stop associating the stimuli with the feared consequence.
What is a modern ad that uses classical conditioning?
Think of a soda commercial where happy, laughing friends are always drinking the soda. Over time, you start to associate that soda with feeling happy and fun, which is exactly what the advertiser wants.
What did little Albert’s conditioned emotional response begin to generalize to?
Other furry animals
What is it called when a condition response returns after it seemed to have faded or disappeared over time?
Spontaneous recovery
When something that looks or sounds like the original stimulus also causes the same response, what is it called?
Stimulus generalization
We've all gotten phone messages before. When your phone notification sound goes off, it is usually followed by a message. Over time, you begin to check your phone for a message any time you hear the notification sound. What type of stimulus did the phone notification sound start as, and what type of stimulus is it now?
Neutral stimulus -> conditioned Stimulus
Why is a school bell a conditioned stimulus?
A school bell signals the start or end of class, and over time we automatically react to it feeling relieved when it rings for recess or maybe anxious when it signals a test is starting. It’s a learned response linked to that sound.
What device/object within the experiment made Albert fear the white rat and what was this device called?
starling noise; uncontrolled stimulus
What term describes environmental triggers like a lighter or a specific place that can trigger cravings or anticipation of drug use?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
After eating sushi and getting food poisoning, a person can't stand the smell of sushi anymore. What is this?
Taste Aversion