Conditioning
What is the difference between classical vs. operant conditioning?
classical = when a natural response to a stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus to connect those two in the mind where the neutral stimulus will then lead to a behavior
operant = behaviors changed in response to reward or punishment
What is the difference between system 1 and system 2 thinking in the Dual Process Model?
System 1 - fast, automatic, intuitive
System 2 - more logical, conscious, requires more effort
What does the SLT say?
That we learn by observing models and imitating behavior
IN which system do biases occur?
1
Term for when specific parts of the brain have different functions
localization
In Pavlov's experiment, what was the neutral stimulus
ticking of metronome
In WMM, a task where you have to repeat a number or word while memorizing a list of words
articulatory suppression task
In the Cognitive Load Theory - what is difference between intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load?
intrinsic - inherent level of difficulty
extraneous - factors outside of the task making it difficult to process
germane - effort needed to complete task
What is the word for a mental shortcut?
heuristic
Which neurotransmitter plays a role in memory consolidation?
acetylcholine
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?
reinforcement aims to continue a behavior, punishment aims to discourage a behavior
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the first step in placing information into memory storage is...
sensory memory/store
What are the four factors in the Social Learning Theory?
ARMP
What is anchoring bias?
when you rely too heavily on first piece of info
Name three parts of the brain that play a role in memory
hippocampus - transfer from STM to LTM
amygdala - emotional memory
basal ganglia - procedural, habits
Give an example of negative reinforcement
answers may vary but something when a behavior is strengthened by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus - something unpleasant taken away to increase likelihood of desired behavior happening again
i.e. removing a buzzer sound when seatbelt is buckled
What is the key difference between the multi store and working memory model?
WMM argues that there is more than one STM store
What does schema theory say?
What we already know will affect how we process new information
What is confirmation bias?
when you look for things to confirm your pre-existing beliefs and overlook things that contradict them
What is the Google Effect?
that people use the internet as a personal memory bank/transactive memory store
What is difference between a fixed ratio schedule and variable ratio schedule in operant conditioning?
fixed - rewarded after a fixed number of times (loyalty card)
variable - unpredictable number of times (gambling)
If you are trying to learn a new song but repeating the lyrics over and over, what part of the WMM are you using?
phonological loop
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Schema Theory?
Assimilation - process of integrating new knowledge into existing schemas
Accommodation = when you create a new schema
Give an example of each bias
examples may vary
What was the antagonist in the Rogers and Kesner/Antonova study?
scopolamine