Operant Conditioning
In this reinforcement schedule, a response is rewarded after a specified number of responses.
Fixed Ratio
This was a study that demonstrated the role of observational learning in aggression.
BoBo Doll Experiment
This is a phenomenon in selective attention where people can focus on a single conversation or sound in a noisy environment while filtering out other background noise.
Cocktail party effect
This is the initial stage of memory where sensory information is briefly held in its raw form for a fraction of a second to a few seconds.
Sensory register
This occurs when a conditioned response (CR) is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS), even though they were not specifically trained.
Generalization
In this reinforcement schedule, the response is rewarded after a specified amount of time has passed.
Fixed Interval
This is the process of learning behaviors by observing and imitating others.
Modeling
This is the cognitive process of focusing on one specific aspect of the environment while ignoring other stimuli helping us prioritize information that is most relevant to our goals or tasks.
Selective attention
This is a visual image or memory representation in the visual sensory register.
Icon
This is the process in which the conditioned response (CR) weakens and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Extinction
In this reinforcement schedule, reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses.
Variable ratio
This is the act of copying specific behaviors or actions observed in a model.
Imitation
This is an experimental technique used to study selective attention, where different audio messages are played in each ear, and the listener is asked to focus on and repeat the message from one ear.
Dichotic listening
This is the auditory counterpart to the icon. It refers to the brief retention of sound in the auditory sensory register after the sound has stopped.
Echo
This is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a period of rest or without further conditioning.
Spontaneous recovery
In this reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.
Variable interval
This is a core concept in Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory explaining how behavior, cognition, and environment mutually influence and shape one another.
Reciprocal determinism
This is a phenomenon that demonstrates the interference of automatic processing in tasks requiring controlled processing. When words are printed in colors that conflict with their meaning people take longer to name the ink color than when the word and color match.
Stroop effect
This person conducted experiments on sensory memory using a display of letters. He tested how much information could be retained in the sensory register.
George Sperling
This person was a pioneering psychologist and a key figure in the development of behaviorism. He is most well-known for his emphasis on studying observable behavior and his work on classical conditioning in humans.
Watson
This is a behavioral technique used in operant conditioning to teach a new behavior by reinforcing small steps that gradually lead to the desired behavior. This method involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the target behavior while ignoring or not reinforcing previous behaviors.
Shaping or successive approximation
These are the four processes in modeling.
Attention, retention, production, and motivation
he ability to perform a task with little or no conscious effort due to repeated practice. In the Stroop task, it would be reading the words.
Automaticity
Also known as working memory, this is the system that holds and processes information for a limited time, usually around 15 to 30 seconds. It has a limited capacity, typically 7 ± 2 items (according to Miller’s Law).
Short term memory
This person participated in a study by Watson that demonstrated classical conditioning in humans. He was conditioned to fear a white rat (initially a neutral stimulus) by pairing it with a loud, frightening noise (unconditioned stimulus, or US).
Little Albert