Bandura
This type of observation involves watching for specific, predefined behaviors.
Structured observations
Sample from Bandura's (aggression) study
72 children from Stanford University nursery
ages 3-6
Sample used in Fagen's (elephant learning) study
5 females - 4 juvenile, 1 adult
In Fagen's (elephant learning) study, what is the method called in which fears or discomfort are reduced by gradual exposure?
desensitization
In Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study, what emotion was connected to evaluative learning?
disgust
For Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study, which type of therapy treated his fear of buttons?
positive reinforcement therapy
This research design was used in Bandura's (aggression) study.
Matched pairs / Matched groups
For results in Bandura's (aggression) study, who was more likely to imitate verbal aggression?
girls
In Fagen's (elephant learning) study, why is ecological validity considered a strength?
the behavior occurred in their natural environment
In Fagen's (elephant learning) study, the eldest elephant was constantly interrupted by a neighboring calf. This is an example of:
situational variable
Having a 6- and 12-month check up to confirm no phobic disorder improves what in GRAVE?
Internal validity
In Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study, which disorder did the experimenters have to rule out prior to treatment?
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
How does psychological harm apply to Bandura's (aggression) study?
B/c kids may have learned aggressive behaviors that continued after the study.
In Bandura's (aggression) study, "He sure is a tough fella" is an example of:
imitative non-aggressive comments made by the model
The primary and secondary reinforcers used in Fagen's (elephant learning) study were:
Primary - chopped bananas
Secondary - whistle sound
In Fagen's (elephant learning) study, it was conducted in their normal environment with some manipulation. This is called ________
controlled observation
For Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study, explain the connection between the study and nature & nurture.
Nature - developing a phobia due to evolution/ancestral roots
Nurture - developing a phobia due to an experience/situation
For Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study, which type of therapy treated his disgust for buttons?
imagery exposure therapy
Main aim of Bandura's (aggression) study
Test whether children learn aggression through observation and imitation
In Bandura's (aggression) study, "Kick him...sock him" is an example of:
imitative aggressive comments
In Fagen's (elephant learning) study, trunk weakness, poor vision, abscess on their foot are examples of what type of extraneous variable?
participant variable
Which real-world problem does Fagen's (elephant learning) research help address?
improving elephant (and other animals') medical testing procedures
One weakness of Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study is the
generalizability - since there was only one participant and development of phobias are specific to the individual
In Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study, if the boy received praise after successfully touching a button... this technique is best explained by?
operant conditioning, more specifically positive reinforcement
What are 3 independent variables in Bandura's (aggression) study?
Gender of child - female, male
Gender of model - female, male
Type of model behavior - aggressive, non-aggressive, no model
Describe the 2 times inter-rater reliability was used in Bandura's (aggression) study
1. When the experimenter and teacher were matching aggression levels prior to study
2. During the post-exposure observation, through a one-way mirror.
In Fagen's (elephant learning) study: When the elephants learned to perform several trained behaviors in a specific order to complete the trunk wash, this is called _________ __________.
behavioral chaining
In Fagen's (elephant learning) study, the three types of training processes were?
Capture - Waiting for them to perform behavior naturally, then giving them a reward
Lure - for non-natural behaviors, enticing them to move to a specific position and then rewarding them
Shaping - only giving them the reward when they perfect the movement
According to the participant in Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study, rank these to least to most distressing:
- hugging Mom while she is wearing large plastic buttons
- small, clear plastic buttons
- large denim jean buttons
Low distress (rating of 2) - large denim jean buttons
Average distress (rating of 5) - mom while she wears buttons
High distress (rating of 8) - small, clear plastic buttons
2 details about the participant in Saavedra & Silverman's (button phobia) study:
- 9 years old
- Hispanic American
- boy