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SNIFFY
OPERANT APPLICATIONS
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
GENERALIZATION, DISCRIMINATION & STIMULUS CONTROL
FORGETTING
100
This was achieved by reinforcing successive approximations of the bar-pressing behavior. The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior.
What is Shaping?
100
A reinforcement-based treatment of loss of limb function that involves restricting a normally functioning limb.
What is Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy?
100
Learning from the observation of events and their consequences in the absence of a model.
What is Asocial Observational Learning?
100
A discrimination training procedure in which the task is to select from two or more comparison stimuli the one that matches a sample.
What is Matching to Sample?
100
Memory of events that can be expressed, usually in words. Includes semantic and episodic memory. Also called explicit memory.
What is Declarative Memory?
200
Operant learning may also be referred to as this.
What is Instrumental Learning?
200
A measure of learning consisting of the number of correct responses per minute.
What is Fluency?
200
An increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model.
What is Vicarious Reinforcement?
200
The tendency for changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors.
What is Response Generalization?
200
A method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the previously learned behavior following a retention interval.
What is Free Recall?
300
The procedure by which the sound of the food dispenser in an operant chamber is turned into a secondary reinforcer by pairing the sound with the delivery of food pellets.
What is Magazine Training?
300
Problem behavior in children can usually be dealt with effectively through this form of reinforcement.
What is Differential Reinforcement (DRA-Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior)?
300
The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced.
What is Generalized Imitation?
300
Providing different consequences for different responses can enhance discrimination training. This finding is called the__________effect. *The finding that discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers.
What is the Differential Outcomes Effect?
300
When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of ________ . * Forgetting caused by learning that occurred prior to the behavior in question.
What is Proactive Interference?
400
The operant shapeable behavior in which Sniffy faces the observer, lifts up his front paws, and moves his head up and down.
What is Begging?
400
In animal training, secondary reinforcement may be provided with a sound, such as that made by this toy.
What is a Cricket?
400
The tendency of observers to imitate acts by a model that are irrelevant to obtaining reinforcement.
What is Over-Imitation?
400
The tendency for a behavior to occur in one situation, but not another. It is also defined as the tendency for a behavior to occur in the presence of certain stimuli, but not in their absence.
What is Discrimination?
400
Any device/technique for aiding recall. Typically they involve learning cues that will later prompt recall.
What are Mnemonic Devices?
500
At the beginning of Sniffy’s training, a reinforcement schedule in which his behavior was reinforced each time it occurred was used.
What is a Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?
500
Edward Taub's treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with these animals.
What are Monkeys?
500
In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the ________ condition. *An experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model. The condition is used in studies of asocial observational learning.
What is the Ghost Condition?
500
The three theories of generalization and discrimination have dominated the field.
What are Pavlov, Spence, and Lashley & Wade?
500
Learning that occurs during a particular physiological state (such as alcoholic intoxication), is lost when that physiological state passes, and reemerges when the state recurs.
What is State-Dependent Learning?