Classical Conditioning
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without learning?
What is a Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
What is the term for increasing a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus?
What is negative reinforcement?
What is it called when you learn a behavior by watching someone else, even if you don’t imitate it immediately?
What is latent learning?
Who developed the stages of cognitive development theory?
Who is Jean Piaget?
What research method follows the same individuals over a long period?
What is a longitudinal research?
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus?
What is the bell?
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
What is positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase behavior.
What is the difference between latent learning and insight learning?
What is latent learning is hidden until needed, while insight learning is a sudden realization of a solution.
What is Vygotsky’s term for the area between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
At what stage do infants develop object permanence?
What is Sensorimotor stage?
What is the process called when a conditioned response weakens and eventually disappears?
What is extinction?
Give an example of shaping in everyday life.
Teaching a child to write by first rewarding them for holding a pencil, then forming letters, then writing words
What is vicarious reinforcement?
What is learning by observing the consequences of others' actions, without directly experiencing those consequences oneself.
In Erikson’s theory, what is the psychosocial conflict of adolescence?
What is Identity vs. Role Confusion?
What cognitive ability is missing when a child believes that the same amount of liquid in a tall, thin glass is more than in a short, wide glass?
What is Conservation?
What is it called when a previously extinct response suddenly reappears?
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
A raccoon trained to put coins in a piggy bank may revert to rubbing them together instead of depositing them
How does learned helplessness develop?
What is when repeated negative experiences lead an individual to believe they cannot change their situation, leading to passive behavior.
How does Piaget’s concept of assimilation differ from accommodation?
What is assimilation involves incorporating new experiences into existing schemas, while accommodation modifies schemas to fit new experiences?
What type of attachment occurs when a child is distressed when their caregiver leaves but is easily comforted upon their return?
What is secure attachment?
Explain how higher-order conditioning works, using an example.
A new neutral stimulus is paired with an existing conditioned stimulus, such as a dog learning that a certain light predicts the bell that signals food.
Which schedule of reinforcement leads to the most resistant behaviors to extinction?
Variable Ratio – such as gambling or slot machines
How would cognitive maps explain how someone learns their way around a new school?
What is a they mentally store the spatial layout without actively trying, and later recall it when needed?
Give an example of scaffolding in early childhood learning.
What is a parent guiding a child to put together a puzzle by giving hints and slowly reducing assistance?
What are the three major parenting styles identified by Baumrind?
What is Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive