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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive (Learning Theory & Development)
Psychosocial Development
Prenatal & Infant Development
100
He developed the concepts of classical conditioning, based on his experiments with dogs.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
100
Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability a response will occur again.
What is a reinforcer (or reinforcement)?
100
The "aha!" experience of figuring out a problem describes this theory developed by Wolfgang Kohler.
What is insight learning?
100
Through his study of baby rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers, this psychologist discovered the importance of "contact comfort" in the development of the attachment between an infant and caregiver.
Who is Harry Harlow?
100
This single cell with 46 chromosomes, divides repeatedly during mitosis to form a mass of cells.
What is a zygote?
200
The process of pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that ultimately leads to an association between the two. This results in the NS becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS).
What is acquisition?
200
Based on his observations of a cat in a puzzle box, Edward Thorndike established this theory, which states that an action that is followed by a pleasurable consequence tends to be repeated.
What is the Law of Effect?
200
This theory, first established to explain the non-avoidant, passive behavior of dogs exposed to shocks, was later extended to explain some aspects of depression.
What is learned helplessness?
200
Chess and Thomas asserted that there are these 3 types of temperament, behavioral characteristics that are present and established at birth.
What are easy, difficult and slow to warm up?
200
Of the infant's five senses, this is the least developed at birth.
What is vision?
300
In Pavlov's experiment, the label for the dogs' salivation in response to the metronome.
What is the conditioned response (CR)?
300
The addition of an unnpleasant event or object following a response that makes that response less likely to happen.
What is positive punishment (or punishment by application)?
300
In Piaget's theory, the process in which children try to understand new things in terms of already existing schemes (or schemas).
What is assimilation?
300
His theory of psychosocial development defined each stage in terms of a developmental crisis.
Who is Erik Erikson?
300
This is an infant's reflex to turn the head and open the mouth to feed when his or her cheek is touched.
What is the rooting reflex?
400
Unlike other types of classical conditioning, this type of conditioning can occur after a single association (rather than repeated associations).
What is conditioned taste aversion?
400
Any stimulus that provides an organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.
What is a discriminative stimulus?
400
According to Piaget's theory, children in the early part of this stage of development have not yet developed the ability to understand that changing the appearance of object does not necessarily change its nature.
What is the Preoperational Stage?
400
These are the 3 main types of attachment relationships established by Mary Ainsworth after studying children in the "Strange Situation" experimental setting.
What are secure, avoidant and ambivalent?
400
Exposure to any of these substances during critical periods of prenatal development may result in birth defects.
What are teratogens?
500
The process by which a strong conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a neutral stimulus (NS) and then the neutral stimulus becomes an additional conditioned stimulus (CS).
What is higher order conditioning?
500
This approach to shaping behavior tends to result in a low but steady response rate and is most resistant to extinction, because reinforcement occurs after inconsistent periods of time.
What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?
500
According to Vygotsky's theory, this refers to the difference between what child can do alone and what child can do with the help of a teacher.
What is Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
500
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, most college students would be in this stage.
What is Identity vs. Role Confusion (age 13 - early 20s)?
500
In his more recent replication of the famous experiment, Joseph Campos at the University of California Berkeley found that this, and not just depth perception, determined whether or not babies crawled across the "visual cliff."
What is parent encouragement or discouragement (parent non-verbal communication)?