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Learning Disabilities Definitions
Assessment and Evaluation
The Brain Structure and Functions
Reading
Well-known People
100
A neurological condition that refers to a retardation, disorder, or delayed development in one or more of the processes of speech, language, reading, writing, arithmetic, or other school subject resulting from a psychological handicap caused by a possible cerebral dysfunction.
What is learning disabilities?
100
A standardized instrument that measures developed skill or knowledge learned in a given grade.
What is an Achievement Test?
100
Basic unit of the nervous system.
What is nerve cell?
100
Readers proceed from text to meaning; that is, letters and words are perceived and decoded and then the text's meaning is comprehended.
What is the bottom-up model?
100
He first introduced the term learning disability in 1963 at a conference in Chicago.
Who is Dr. Samuel Kirk?
200
Learning disability that characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.
What is dyslexia?
200
The first intelligence test that became the basis for intelligence tests still used today.
What is the Binet-Simon Scale?
200
Consists of the bran and the spinal column.
What is the central nervous system?
200
Emphasizes that readers rely on prior knowledge and comprehension of the meaning of the textual material rather than on word recognition and decoding of individual text elements.
What is the top-down model?
200
In 1887, he first coined the term dyslexia to describe a very great difficulty in interpreting written or printed symbols.
Who is Rudolf Berlin?
300
A neurologically based disorder of mathematical abilities.
What is Dyscalculia?
300
The most commonly used achievement test used in comprehensive evaluations.
What is the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT)?
300
Receives and integrates sensory input to coordinate the voluntary muscle system.
What is the cerebellum?
300
The ability to manipulate, in particular, the smallest unit of sound, phonemes.
What is phonemic awareness?
300
This man criticized the then-current "look and say" or "sight reading" method of reading instruction for the general population.
Who is Samuel Orton?
400
A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect abilitiy to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.
What is specific learning disability?
400
If a student's score on the IQ test is at least two standard deviations (30 points) higher than his or her scores on an achievement test/
What is having a significant decrepancy between IQ and achievement, and therefore, having a learning disability?
400
Group of birth defects caused by the abnormal migration of neurons in the developing brain and nervous system.
What is neuronal migration disorders (NMDs)?
400
Helps children with an understanding of the alphabetic principle, the systematic relationship between letters and their corresponding sounds.
What is phonics?
400
This man is known for being the one who did the most to promote the idea that speech functions primarily reside in the left side of the brain.
Who is Pierre Paul Broca?
500
A writing disorder.
What is dysgraphia?
500
Change in behavior or performance as a function of intervention.
What is Response to Intervention (RTI)?
500
Deals with hearing and comprehending what is heard as well as auditory memory.
What is the temporal lobe?
500
Reader's ability to read text accurately, with expression, and at a speed that facilitates understanding.
What is fluency?
500
He identified at least three regions of the brain that had specific functions including a region devoted to intellectual behaviors, and also had an interest in phrenology.
Who is Franz Joseph Gall?