The Classics
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
What is acquisition?
Reinforcing a response only part of the time
What is a partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule?
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
What is modeling?
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
What is generalization?
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
What is intrinsic motivation?
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally — naturally and automatically — triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
What is discrimination?
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What is a variable-interval schedule?
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
What is extrinsic motivation?
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
What is spontaneous recovery?
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
What are mirror neurons?
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
What is higher-order conditioning/second-order conditioning?
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior
What is prosocial behavior?