Vocabulary
A learned avoidance of a particular food is called...
Taste aversion
Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs were the first to study which type of conditioning?
Classical conditioning
A dog is given a treat for coming to their owner on command.
Is this an example of positive or negative reinforcement or punishment?
Positive punishment
What is one way that teachers could use positive reinforcement?
Giving out candy, giving stickers, adding more time onto recess, sending home a positive email, etc.
A stimulus that does not cause a response is a...
Neutral stimulus
What type of stimulus causes an automatic response?
Unconditioned stimulus
In Ivan Pavlov's experiment, what were the NS, US, UR, CS, and CR?
NS: bell, US: food, UR: salivation, CS: bell, CR: salivation
What is the NS, US, UR, CS, and CR in this scenario:
A woman witnessed an armed robbery at the gas station, which caused her intense stress. Now, every time she goes to that gas station she gets really anxious.
NS: gas station, US: armed robbery, UR: stress, CS: gas station, CR: anxious
How do "personal contracts" work to modify behavior?
People identify a behavior they want to change and create a system of rewards/punishments to encourage the change.
Rats who explore a maze with no reward develop a cognitive map, and are then able to complete the maze more quickly than rats who had no cognitive map but were given food rewards. These rats are demonstrating...
Latent learning
Responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other is known as...
Discrimination
Which psychologist is well known for his work studying operant conditioning with mice and pigeons?
B.F. Skinner
An employee gets a 30 minute break at work whenever the owner feels like giving them one.
Is this an example of fixed or variable ratio or interval?
Variable-Interval
What is one way that a judge may use positive punishment for someone who committed a crime?
Making them do community service, making them wear and ankle bracelet, making them take a class, etc.
What is a "Skinner box"?
An operant chamber, used to introduce and remove treatments to study behavior on animals.
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need, is a...
Primary Reinforcer
What did the Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrate?
The impact of observational learning - by watching a model, we experience vicarious reinforcement/punishment, and can learn to anticipate a behavior’s consequences in situations like those we are observing
Children who were terrified of dogs watched a boy play happily with a dog for 15 minutes. Later on, two-thirds of the children were willing to play with the dog.
What learning concept is this an example of?
To help clients overcome fears, therapists may teach relaxation techniques and then expose the client gradually to the stimulus they fear. This is called...
Systematic Desensitization/Exposure Therapy
What is the difference between cognitive and associative learning?
Cognitive learning - learning through observation or language
Associative learning - learning that certain events occur together
What is vicarious reinforcement/punishment?
Experiencing reinforcement/punishment indirectly through the experience of someone else
What was the name of the first major experiment to study classical conditioning with a human?
The Little Albert Experiment
What is the NS, US, UR, CS, and CR in this scenario:
A boy's dad always wears a baseball cap when he takes his child to the park. Whenever his child sees him come home with a baseball cap on, he is excited.
NS: baseball cap, US: park, UR: excited, CS: baseball cap, CR: excited
A child is completely terrified of going to the doctor's office after getting several shots on his last visit. To help make the visit easier, his mom takes him to get ice cream on their way to the office. This is an example of...
Counterconditioning
Explain how shaping different from chaining, and provide an example of each.
Shaping - teaching complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps to achieve those behaviors (training a dog to stay by reinforcing the “stay” as you move away gradually)
Chaining - each step of a sequence must be learned and must lead to the next until the final action is achieved (a child learning to wash his/her hands independently may start with learning to turn on the faucet)