Vocabulary
A learned avoidance of a particular food is called...
Taste aversion
Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs were the first to study which type of conditioning?
Classical conditioning
A dog is given a treat for coming to their owner on command.
Is this an example of positive or negative reinforcement or punishment?
Positive punishment
What is one way that teachers could use positive reinforcement?
Giving out candy, giving stickers, adding more time onto recess, sending home a positive email, etc.
A stimulus that does not cause a response is a...
Neutral stimulus
What type of stimulus causes an automatic response?
Unconditioned stimulus
In Ivan Pavlov's experiment, what were the NS, US, UR, CS, and CR?
NS: bell, US: food, UR: salivation, CS: bell, CR: salivation
What is the NS, US, UR, CS, and CR in this scenario:
A woman witnessed an armed robbery at the gas station, which caused her intense stress. Now, every time she goes to that gas station she gets really anxious.
NS: gas station, US: armed robbery, UR: stress, CS: gas station, CR: anxious
How might a coach use negative reinforcement?
Not making the team run when they do something good, reducing the number of minutes they have to condition, etc.
What is a "Skinner box"?
An operant chamber, used to introduce and remove treatments to study behavior on animals.
Responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other is known as...
Discrimination
Which psychologist is well known for his work studying operant conditioning with mice and pigeons?
B.F. Skinner
An employee gets a 30 minute break at work whenever the owner feels like giving them one.
Is this an example of fixed or variable ratio or interval?
Variable-Interval
What is one way that a judge may use positive punishment for someone who committed a crime?
Making them do community service, making them wear and ankle bracelet, making them take a class, etc.
Rats who explore a maze with no reward develop a cognitive map, and are then able to complete the maze more quickly than rats who had no cognitive map but were given food rewards. These rats are demonstrating...
Latent learning
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need, is a...
Primary Reinforcer
What did the Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrate?
The impact of observational learning - by watching a model, we experience vicarious reinforcement/punishment, and can learn to anticipate a behavior’s consequences in situations like those we are observing
Children who were terrified of dogs watched a boy play happily with a dog for 15 minutes. Later on, two-thirds of the children were willing to play with the dog.
What learning concept is this an example of?
What does research suggest is the best technique for rewarding the behavior of young children?
Consistent (fixed-ratio), small rewards
What is it called when a human or animal that has been conditioned reverts to biologically predisposed behaviors?
Instinctive Drift
What is vicarious reinforcement/punishment?
Experiencing reinforcement/punishment indirectly through the experience of someone else
What was the name of the first major experiment to study classical conditioning with a human?
The Little Albert Experiment
What is the NS, US, UR, CS, and CR in this scenario:
A boy's dad always wears a baseball cap when he takes his child to the park. Whenever his child sees him come home with a baseball cap on, he is excited.
NS: baseball cap, US: park, UR: excited, CS: baseball cap, CR: excited
What is biofeedback used for?
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state - often used to manage stress/anxiety
What is the difference between cognitive and associative learning?
Cognitive learning - learning through observation or language
Associative learning - learning that certain events occur together