Classical Condition
The psychologist that described the phenomenon of Classical Conditioning
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
Known as the "father of Behaviorism". Studied people's reactions.
Who is John Watson?
An Operant Conditioning term that refers to a process by which the likelihood of a behavior occurring is increased either by giving a pleasant stimulus or removing an unpleasant stimulus.
What is reinforcement?
The law that states that the more a behavior is rewarded, the more the behavior will be conducted. The more a behavior is punished, the less it will be conducted.
What is the law of effect?
The process of acquiring information by observing others.
What is observational learning?
When a dog sees food, it begins to salivate. A bell is rung repeatedly when food is given to the dog. After a while, the dog begins to salivate at the sound of the bell. What is the unconditioned response?
The dog's salivation
When a dog sees food, it begins to salivate. A bell is rung repeatedly when food is given to the dog. After a while, the dog begins to salivate at the sound of the bell. What is the unconditioned stimulus?
The dog food
Any stimulus that represses a behavior by removing a desired stimulus or giving an unpleasant stimulus.
What is punishment?
The Little Albert Experiment in which a baby became afraid of all white furry things (a bunny, a beard, santa claus hats) demonstrated what process?
What is generalization?
A form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual.
What is modeling?
When a dog sees food, it begins to salivate. A bell is rung repeatedly when food is given to the dog. After a while, the dog begins to salivate at the sound of the bell. What is the conditioned stimulus?
The sound of the bell
When a dog sees food, it begins to salivate. A bell is rung repeatedly when food is given to the dog. After a while, the dog begins to salivate at the sound of the bell. What is the conditioned response?
Salivation to the sound of the bell
This psychologist created the first operant chamber that has an automatic system of reward or punishment delivery. Claimed that the rate at which a certain behavior occurs is determined not by what precedes it, but by the consequence that follows it.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
An aversion or distaste for a particular taste or smell that was associated with a negative reaction (such as nausea or vomiting).
What is the Garcia Effect?
A type of brain cell that fires when you do an action, and also when you simply watch someone else doing the same action.
What are mirror neurons?
The initial stage of the learning or conditioning process. In this stage, some response is being associated with some stimulus
What is acquisition?
The reduction of some response that the organism currently or previously produced. Results from the unconditioned stimulus NOT occurring after the conditioned stimulus is presented over time.
What is extinction?
Gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response
What is shaping?
This experiment showed that observation of aggressive behaviors would lead to imitation of the aggressive behaviors by children.
What is Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?
Made famous by Albert Bandura, this theory states that social behavior (any type of behavior that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others. The social behavior is also influenced, according to this theory, by being rewarded and/or punished for these actions.
What is Social Learning Theory?
The reappearance of a response (a Conditioned Response) that had been extinguished. The recovery can occur after a period of non-exposure to the Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
What is spontaneous recovery?
Where a conditioned response starts occurring in response to the presentation of other, similar stimuli, not just the conditioned stimulus.
What is generalization?
An ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other, similar stimuli that don't signal an unconditioned stimulus.
What is discrimination?
Traits that are inborn rather than acquired or learned. Behaviors that occur naturally and automatically.
What are innate behaviors?
The phenomenon of people helping each other with no thought of reward or compensation.
What is prosocial behavior?