Learning
acquiring new information / behaviors
learning
changing behavior using unlearned stimuli and responses
conditioning
stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
reinforcement
Won a Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work with the digestive system and went on to study the reasoning behind dog salivation
Ivan Pavlov
learning that certain events occur together
associative learning
learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
natural reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need
primary reinforcer
Believed that psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior
John B. Watson
the learning of mental information through observation or language
cognitive learning
behavior is strengthened by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher
operant conditioning
an originally irrelevant stimulus that is then associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) which comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers
positive reinforcement
created the Operant Chamber or the Skinner Box to study operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
latent learning
conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus which creates a second weaker stimulus
higher-order conditioning
naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
negative reinforcement
Conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment and believed that observational learning occurs in four stages (see observational learning slides)
Albert Bandura
learning by observing others
observational learning
mental representation of the layout of one's environment
cognitive map
a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with the primary reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer
Law of Effect : Responses that produce desirable results will be learned or “stamped” into the organism
E.L. Thorndike