Classical Conditioning
A stimulus that brings about a reflexive response.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Any reinforcer that is biologically relevant.
What is primary reinforcer?
A technique used to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
What is a reinforcement?
Reinforcing every target behavior.
What is continuous reinforcement?
A concept created by Wolfgang Kohler. Characterized by a sudden solution to a problem.
What is insight learning?
The researcher who discovered classical conditioning with dogs.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
A technique in which sucessive behaviors are reinforced. This can ultimately lead to unlikely behaviors.
What is shaping?
Giving somebody something that they like.
What is positive reinforcement?
Reinforcement based on completing a specific amount of behaviors.
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
The researcher associated with observational learning, or the social learning theory (Bobo Doll study)?
Who is Albert Bandura?
This principle explains why Little Albert would be not only be afraid of a white rat, but also of a bunny, dog, and mask.
What is generalization?
This occurs when we no longer reinforce behaviors.
What is extinction?
Taking away something that somebody likes.
What is negative punishment?
Reinforcement based on a varying amount of time passing.
What is a variable-interval reinforcement schedule?
Learning that occurs in the absence of a reinforcer.
What is latent learning?
This turns into a conditioned stimulus during the process of acquisition.
What is a neutral stimulus?
A decrease in responding after an organism has been exposed to repeated unavoidable aversive events.
What is learned helplessness?
Giving somebody something that they do not like.
What is positive punishment?
Reinforcement based on a specific amount of time that must pass. Leads to an increased responding near the end of the time period.
What is the fixed-interval reinforcement schedule?
Motivation that comes from factors outside of the self.
What is extrinsic motivation?
When, only after extinction occurs, a conditioned response comes back once again.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The researcher most closely associated to operant conditioning and shaping.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
Taking away something that somebody does not like.
What is negative reinforcement?
The most addictive reinforcement schedule. Results in the highest rate of responding.
What is the variable-ratio reinforcement schedule.
Neurons that respond to watching behaviors in the same way that they would respond to performing behaviors.
What are mirror neurons?