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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social/Cognitive Learning
Scenarios
Wild Card
100
Which psychologist was responsible for the little albert experiment?
John B. Watson
100
What is shaping?
the process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it.
100
How is social learning different from operant conditioning?
Social learning does not involve a reward system.
100
Why are variable interval schedules so effective?
If people do not know when they will be rewarded, it motivates them to continue to seek the reward.
100
What is stimulus generalization?
When a response to a stimulus spreads to other similar stimuli.
200
What is a stimulus?
Anything that causes a response.
200
What is reinforcement?
Something that follows a response and strengthens a tendency to repeat the response.
200
What is observational learning?
a type of learning in which you imitate the behaviors of others.
200
15-year-old Max is trying to get better grades. His parents tell him that if he can get straight A's, they'll throw him a pizza party. Max does not know when he will receive the pizza party; sometimes it's a few days after his grades come out, and sometimes it's a month later. Which type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable interval schedule.
200
What is extinction?
when a response fades over time.
300
What is the difference between an unconditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus, and a conditioned stimulus.
u.s. - causes an automatic response. n.s. - causes no response. c.s. - causes a response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
300
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcement?
primary - necessary for survival (food, water) secondary - represents something you need for survival (money)
300
What is social learning?
Learning from the behavior of others.
300
12-year-old Julia is learning to do her own laundry. If she does her laundry when she gets home from school, then her parents will reward her that night by letting her stay up an extra hour to watch TV. Which type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed interval schedule.
300
What experiment did Mary Cover Jones perform? Which type of conditioning does this represent?
She used classical conditioning to cure a three-year-old boy of a phobia of rabbits.
400
Explain Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs.
Ivan Pavlov wanted to see if he could condition a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. Every time he fed the dogs, he rang a bell. Eventually the dogs came to associate the sound of the bell with food and would salivate at the sound of the bell alone.
400
What is the difference between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment?
positive - receiving something pleasant as a reward for good behavior. negative - when something unpleasant is taken away as a reward for good behavior. punishment - when you receive something unpleasant as a result of bad behavior.
400
What is the cognitive approach to learning?
an approach to the study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge.
400
Spot the dog is learning to do back-flips. For every three back-flips, Spot receives a treat. This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
fixed-ratio schedule.
400
What is latent learning?
learning that is not obvious but goes on under the surface.
500
Label the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in the Little Albert experiment.
u.s. - loud noise u.r. - crying/fear n.s. - white rat before experiment c.s. - white rat after experiment c.r. - crying/fear
500
Explain the difference between the following reinforcement schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval.
fixed ratio - a reward is given after the action is performed a fixed number of times. variable ration - a reward is given after the action is performed a variable number of times. fixed interval - a reward is given a fixed amount of time after a behavior. variable interval - a reward is given after a variable amount of time.
500
Explain Albert Bandura's experiment with bobo dolls. What was Bandura testing? What were the results?
He wanted to see whether children would imitate violent behaviors they witnessed in adults. The adults would hit a bobo doll while the child watched. Once the adult left the room, the child would repeat the violent behaviors.
500
Slot machines are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio schedule.
500
What is Skinner's Box? Which type of learning does this represent?
a box which trained a rat to pull a lever. The rat would either be rewarded with food (positive reinforcement) or by ending a painful electric shock (negative reinforcement).