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Vocabulary
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Cognitive & Biological Factors in Learning
100
What is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience?
What is learning
100
Who discovered classical conditioning while doing experiments on the digestive system of dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
100
Who developed the basic principles and techniques of operant conditioning and advocated the use of positive consequences to manage behavior?
B.F. Skinner
100
Explain observational learning.
Learning by observing and watching others (the model) and then imitating behavior.
100
What is an organism’s mental representation of the structure of physical space?
cognitive mapping
200
What are behaviors that are driven by genetic inheritance?
fixed action patterns
200
Classical conditioning can best be described as learning by ________________.
Association
200
Operant conditioning uses positive and negative ________________ to alter behavior. Operant conditioning is better at explaining learning that results from ________________ responding.
consequences; voluntary
200
Who is a role model who acts as an advisor, coach, and or confidant
What is a mentor
200
Under Bandura's Cognitive Model, what does it mean to have self confidence to produce positive outcomes?
What is self-efficacy
300
What is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others?
Discrimination
300
Who investigated classical conditioning's role in phobias? What was his major experiment?
John Watson; "Little Albert"
300
Who is the author of the law of effect? What was his major experiment?
Edward Thorndike; puzzle boxes on research of cats; law of effect: Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently. Unfavorable: less frequently.
300
Which major figure studied observational learning and looked at consequences a model has on subjects? What was his major experiment?
Albert Bandura; bobo doll experiment
300
What do the letters in the S-O-R model stand for?
S = stimulus, O = organism, R = response
400
Explain the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement.
Punishment: Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior it follows; Negative reinforcement: Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state
400
Explain the information theory used by contemporary psychologists to help explain classical conditioning.
The information the organism obtains from the situation is key. The organism equals the information seeker using logic to help explain behavior.
400
Which main schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction? A. Fixed-Ratio B. Variable-Ratio C. Fixed-Interval D. Variable-Interval
What is Variable-Ratio
400
In Bandura's bobo doll experiment children watched an adult model show aggressive behavior toward a bobo doll. What were the three experimental conditions?
1. The model was praised. 2. The model was punished. 3. The model received no consequences for the aggressive behavior.
400
Explain how insight learning separates the human race from other species of animals.
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight or understanding of a problem’s solution.
500
Explain Ivan Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory of how classical conditioning works.
The nervous system is structured in such a way that the CS & US bond together and eventually the CS substitutes for the US
500
John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes startled at the sight of the white rat. What is the US, UR, CS, and CR? What is it called when his conditioned fear has grown to other small fury animals?
US = the loud noise, UR = Albert startled, CS = white rat, CR = startled response to white rat; generalization
500
A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they maintain perfect attendance during the quarter. His students’ attendance increases dramatically. Why is this an example of operant conditioning? Is the exemption of the final exam an example of positive or negative reinforcement? Why?
This example is operant conditioning because attendance is a voluntary behavior. The exemption from the final exam is a negative reinforcement because something is taken away that increases the behavior (attendance).
500
What are three of the four requirements Bandura suggests for effective modeling to occur:
1. Attention; 2. Retention; 3. Ability to reproduce the behavior; 4. Reinforcement (Motivation)
500
Explain preparedness.
The species-specific biological tendency to learn in certain ways but not in others.