Learning Strategies
What is using recall?
Trying to remember the main points of your notes/lectures/problems after you went over them
Why is highlighting a bad study habit?
Highlighting lots of information that you don’t remember, that you haven’t understood yet
Textbooks already summarize information, spend time recalling instead
This tumor develops in the glial cells
What are gliomas?
What is “neuropsychology”? (hint: break down the word to understand the field)
Psychology is the study of behaviour, whereas neuropsychology is…
an interdisciplinary field
influenced by variety of disciples connection between human brain and human behaviour
brain hypothesis: The idea that brain is the source of behaviour
neuron hypothesis: A major unit of brain structure & function is the neuron/nerve cell
What medium can slow down the absorption of alcohol?
What is consumption of food
What does "Eat Your Frogs" mean?
What is doing the hardest thing earliest in the day?
_ is consuming relevant course material in close proximity to a test
What is cramming?
This gene could make athletes more susceptible to getting TBIs
What is the apolipoprotein gene?
E4 also accepted
What is 1 example of a historical thinker & their respective hypothesis about the brain?
Aristotle (384 – 322BC): Cardiac Hypothesis
Galen (circa AD 129 – 199): Brain Hypothesis
Rene Descarte (1596 – 1650): Dualism
How many drinks per hour can the body effectively metabolize?
What is one drink per hour
What is the difference between Fluency vs. Mastery?
Fluency is cramming or just becoming familiar with course content, mastery is making connections and being able to understand it
One of the best study techniques is memorizing the solutions to problems (T/F)
F, as you should be able to complete the problems step by step. Memorizing solutions will not help you apply those solutions to varied problems on a test.
A collection of neurological symptoms that results from the presence of HIV
What is AIDS?
Or What is acquired immune deficiency syndrome?
Who is a prominent “brain mapper”?
(Hint: They have been cited over 170,000 times, according to the Web of Science)
Korbinian Brodmann (1868 - 1918)
Used cytoarchitectonics
His studies revealed that there were 6 different layers of the cortex
This makes us hypothesize that there are not only different regions in the brain that engage in different functions, but also possibly different layers
The stomach absorbs __% of alcohol?
What is 10%
Why is your brain like a muscle?
Your brain is like a muscle because it can only handle a certain amount of studying (or exercise!) at a given time
It is important to give breaks to your muscles, the same way it’s important to give breaks to your brain.
How does "reading the textbook" in a course relate to swimming?
The textbook acts like your swimming instructor, summarizes topics so you can keep up during the lecture
These tumors are typically benign
What are meningiomas?
Who was patient H.M. and what is his significance in the field of neuropsychology?
Context:
H.M had seizures for many years, and was an ideal candidate for surgeons who were practicing cortical tissue removal with patients for epilepsy relief
The seizures stopped, but he lost the ability to create memories after lobotomy because the hippocampus (located in temporal cortex) was cut :(
How his memory was affected:
He could hold onto thoughts for 20 seconds
But, he could no longer form long term memories after the surgery
Memories prior to the surgery: still intact
H.M’s Legacy
A lot of what we know about how memory works comes from Patient H.M
When H.M. died, his obituary was published in the New York Times
It told neuroscientists at the time that different regions of the brain are engaged in different behaviours/possess different capabilities
For example, tells us that different parts of the brain focus on short-term memory and long-term memory
The binding problem was: how do those different parts of the brain come together to give an entire experience?
Alcohol Dehydrogenase converts alcohol to what potentially toxic intermediate before it is broken down to carbon dioxide, water and energy?
What is Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase
Timmy has a test coming up.
He has trouble understanding some concepts.
He also has a 10-year-old younger brother.
What should Timmy do?
Timmy should use the strategy of “explaining the concept to a 10-year-old” to help strengthen his understanding of the physics concepts.
-The additional effort of verbalizing will help him more deeply encode or remember the concepts. If he can not explain the concepts to a 12-year-old, he likely does not understand the concept that well, and needs to study more.
Maha is studying for her midterm.
She uses good learning strategies, like recalling all her notes and not highlighting, and taking frequent breaks.
She does this all the night before her midterm.
Does Maha ace her test?
Maha fails her test because, despite her great study techniques, her lack of sleep makes her studying null (sleep counteracts her studying)
Answer why or why not prolonged “brain rest” is necessary for a person with a concussion.
Brain rest is not necessary
Thinking about symptoms could make it worse and therefore prolong the symptoms. Instead a person should “push up to the pain but not through it”
Explain 1 out of the 2 aphasias, who discovered it, and how it affects the brain
Aphasia = acquired communication disorder
1. Broca’s aphasia
Discovered by Paul Broca
Damage to Broca’s area produces loss of speech movements without the loss of sound representations
Broca’s Aphasia is typically not accompanied by a loss of understanding
2. Wernicke’s aphasia
Discovered by Carl Wernicke
In the case of Wernicke’s aphasia, the individual would be able to produce the sound (they can usually speak at a normal rate) but typically, it would have no meaning
Patients with this type of aphasia usually have profound language comprehension deficits, even for single words or simple sentences.
This syndrome is a result of the deficiency of vitamin B1.
What is Wernicke's-Korsakoff Syndrome