The Cell
What are the three basic parts of the human cell?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
What is the definition of anatomy? What is the definition of physiology?
What are the two primary forms of energy? Explain their differences.
BONUS 200: What are four other forms of energy?
Kinetic energy is energy in action. Potential energy is stored, or inactive, energy.
Chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant or electromagnetic
What are four primary organic compounds?
BONUS 100: Give a brief definition of each.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Sugars/starches, fatty acids, polymers of amino acid monomers, nucleotides forming DNA and RNA
What is the primary difference between active and passive transport?
Active uses energy (ATP), while passive does not.
Name 10 parts of the generalized cell.
BONUS 100: What part of the cell consists of stacked and flattened cisterns that modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids made in the rough ER?
Cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, chromatin, plasma membrane, rough ER, smooth ER, lysosome, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus, ribosome, centrioles, mitochondrion, cytoskeletal elements (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments);
Golgi apparatus
What are the levels of structural organization of the human body, from simplest to most complex?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
What four elements make up 96% of the human body? What are other present, smaller percentage elements also called?
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen; Trace elements
What are some of the main functions of proteins? Name at least 3.
structural (mechanical support, like collagen), chemical (enzymes for biochemical reactions), contraction (muscles), transport proteins
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis are all forms of Endocytosis. What is the difference between them?
Transports solid into cell using pseudopod that "eats" and creates vesicle, transports liquid into cell through infolding and creating vesicle, and selects certain material using receptors to allow cellular entrance
The plasma membrane is _____ permeable. What does this mean? What two kinds of transport allow this to happen?
It is selectively permeable, which means that it allows nutrients to enter the cell, but also prevents undesirable substances from entering;
Active and passive transport
Name the 11 organ systems. Give a brief explanation of at least 3 systems, including their basic functions.
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
What are the three basic types of mixtures? Give a brief explanation or example of each.
Solution, colloid, suspension; Solute particles thin and do not settle or scatter light (mineral water) / Solute particle larger than solution particles. Do not settle and do scatter light (jell-o). / Solute particles larger than both. Settle out and may scatter light (blood).
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the _____. (Hint: describe the kind of reaction)
Removal of a water molecule between each two units. (AKA: hydrolysis)
Name either all kinds of active transport or all kinds of passive transport.
Bonus 200: Give a brief explanation of at least 2.
Passive transport: osmosis, facilitate diffusion, simple diffusion.
Active transport: Primary and secondary active transport, Vesicular transport (transcytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicular trafficking)
What are the three kinds of cell junctions? Give a brief explanation of each.
Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions;
Fusion that forms an impermeable junction encircling entire cell (prevents fluids and molecules from moving through) / Interlocked linker proteins (cadherins) of neighboring cells like teeth of a zipper (keeps cells from tearing apart) / Transmembrane proteins form tunnels allowing small molecules to pass from cell to cell (usually ions or simple sugars)
What are the three parts of homeostasis and the two kinds of feedback? What does homeostatic imbalance primarily cause?
Receptor, control center, effector; positive and negative feedback. It is considered the cause of most diseases (give an example).
Name the three main types of chemical reactions. Briefy explain each.
BONUS 300: What are the three major chemical bond types and their primary differences?
Synthesis (anabolic), decomposition (catabolic), exchange (displacement); Combines atoms/molecules to form larger, complex structure, breakdown molecules intro smaller ones or atoms, and involves synthesis and decomposition.
Covalent, ionic, hydrogen; Shares electrons and can be polar or nonpolar, attraction between two oppositely charged ions, where electron is donated, and attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom with a slightly negative charge (weak bond).
A gene is best defined as:
A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain.
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
Energy comes directly from hydrolysis of ATP by transport proteins called pumps;
Energy stored in concentration gradients of ions created by primary active transport pumps is used indirectly to transport solutes
What is the main function of the plasma membrane? What are the parts of the plasma membrane?
Molecular transport through the membrane;
Phospholipid bilayer, embedded membrane proteins, surface sugars forming glycocalyx, cell junctions (structurally hold cell together).
BONUS 200: What are these phospholipids made of?
Define each of these directional terms: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, intermediate, proximal, distal, superficial, deep
BONUS 200: What are the three major planes and the two major divisions? (using appropriate terminology)
toward head end, away from head end, toward front, toward the back, toward midline, away from midline, between medial and lateral, closer to origin of body part or trunk, farther from trunk, toward surface, away from surface;
Sagittal, frontal, transverse; Axial and Appendicular
Describe what happens in the sodium-potassium pump, using the specific elements. Following this, what positive ion is mostly found outside of the cell?
First, three positive sodium ions bind to the pump protein. Then, as ATP is attached to the protein, hydrolysis occurs, phosphorylating the pump (changes shape of / ATP -> ADP). Phosphorylation allows Na+ to be released extracellularly, then allowing two positive potassium ions to bind to pump. K+ binding triggers release of phosphate, allowing pump to go back to original shape. K+ is then released intracellularly.
Sodium
What are the primary differences between DNA and RNA?
BONUS 200: What are the 3 kinds of RNA?
DNA: double stranded helical molecule inside nucleus, nucleotides contain deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
RNA: single stranded linear molecule outside nucleus, contains ribose sugar (not deoxyribose), and thymine replaced by uracil (U).
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What is the name of my first dog:
Spot, Rocky, Ginger, Lola, or Princess
Rocky :)