signs and symptoms
this type of condition is inflammation of the carpal ligament caused by constant injury. Its clinical manifestations are weakness, pain, burning, numbness in one or both hands and occur in the thumb, forefingers or middle finger
carpal tunnel syndrome
this condition is an infection of the bone as a result of an open fracture and causes tenderness, heat, pain and drainage of the bone
osteomyelitis
describe the different types of bone fractures
1. depressed: displaced below the fragment of the line
2. Comminuted: 1 fracture line, 2 bone fragments
3. Impacted: drives one fragment into another
4. Complete: breaks through the entire bone
5. Incomplete/ Greenstick: this type of fracture is seen in children and breaks into buckles or cracks
osteoclasts are bone crushers
these are bone resorption inhibitors
calcitonin= calcimar and miacalcin
Bisphosphonate
SERM= evista and taxomifen
this condition is characterized by having swelling in soft tissue compartments causing pressure and resulting in blood flow
compartment syndrome
this condition causes a humped back, fractures of the vertebrae and a shortened stature
osteoporosis
what are the stages for fracture healing
hematoma formation
Fibrocartilage
Callous formation
Ossification
Remodeling
what is the difference between a cartilage, tendon and ligament
cartilage: help with cushioning, shock absorbers
Tendon: muscle to bone, help with flexion
Ligament: bone to bone, help with stability
what are the 5 P's and these are used to assess compartment syndrome
pain
pulse
pallor
parasthesia
Paralysis
this condition is caused as a result of a vitamin D deficieny and is typically seen in children. Its clinical manifestations include fractures, low calcium symptoms, muscle weakness
rickets
what is the difference between a stable and unstable hip fracture
Stable: heal with no complications
Unstable: lead to pelvic ring deformities which can result in internal bleeding, walking difficulty, pain when sitting and affect the urinary and reproductive system
what happens to synovial joints when there is trauma or injury
there will be an increase in production of synovial fluid
this condition is characterized by erythema or edema in one extremity and is related to decreased circulation
deep vein thrombosis
this condition can occur at any age and is characterized by having a defective minieralization of the preformed osteoid. The clinical manifestations include bone pain, pathologic fractures, muscle weakness and low calcium symptoms
osteomalacia
what is the difference between an internal fixation and an external fixation
internal: inside the bone, screws and plates
External: outside of the bone
⭐High Risk for INFECTION!!! FOR BOTH
what are the risk factors for developing osteoporosis
- estrogen deficieny
- low calcium
-vitamin D deficiency
- lack of exercise
- smoking
this condition is causes chest pain, dyspnea, hypoxemia, tachycardia
pulmonary embolism
this condition is caused by trauma and causes shortness of breath, tachypnea, hypoxemia and fine petechial rashes
fat emboli syndrome
What are the common donor sites for skin grafting
iliac crest
fibula
mandible
rib
which hormones are involved in calcium homeostasis and how are they involved
vitamin D= respond to low Ca levels
Calcitonin= respond to high Ca level
PTH= respond to low Ca level
Estrogen= inhibit bone resporption