Sevy loses
What is the process of cell or organ enlargement that occurs in response to increased demands, such as muscle mass enlargement in bodybuilding?
Hypertrophy
What are the cytoplasmic bulges that project from the surface of a cell when its membrane becomes stretched and distorted during injury?
Blebs
What type of necrosis implies the preservation of the basic outline of the necrotic cells for at least several days, typically seen in a myocardial infarction?
Coagulative necrosis
What form of programmed cell death is induced by a tightly regulated intracellular program that degrades the cell's own DNA and proteins?
Apoptosis
What is the only normal, non-harmful endogenous brown-black pigment that protects the body from ultraviolet radiation?
Melanin
What major energy production pathway of the cell is threatened during hypoxia because it is oxygen-dependent?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is the term for the most significant indicator of irreversible cell injury where the nucleus shrinks and condenses?
Pyknosis
Because the central nervous system lacks a fibrous interstitium and is rich in lipids, it typically undergoes what specific type of necrosis following an ischemic stroke?
Liquefaction necrosis
What specific type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of white, chalky calcium soaps when fat is hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids?
Fat necrosis (steatonecrosis)
What yellow-brown "wear-and-tear" pigment is derived through the lipid peroxidation of subcellular membranes and serves as a telltale sign of free radical injury?
Lipofuscin
When oxidative phosphorylation is exhausted, what alternative metabolic pathway can some tissues switch to?
Glycolysis
What reversible structural change is characterized by the focal coiling of the cell membrane, creating a whorled pattern resembling the wrapping of neuron processes?
Myelin figures
What unique form of cell death maintains a white, proteinaceous, cheese-like appearance and is typically encountered in tuberculosis infections?
Caseous necrosis
What severe glassy or waxy necrosis of the skeletal muscles typically develops in acute infectious diseases like typhoid fever?
Zenker's necrosis
*1000 POINTS*
What harmful black pigment accumulates in patients with alkaptonuria, depositing in the skin and cartilage to cause a condition known as ochronosis?
Homogentisic acid (alkapton)
When glycolysis is exhausted or interrupted, what two substances can many cells turn to as fuel?
Fat or protein
In Hashimoto thyroiditis, autoantibodies block the receptors for what specific hormone, preventing its normal stimulation of the thyroid gland?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
What pattern of necrosis typically occurs when antigen-antibody immune complexes and fibrin are deposited into the walls of blood vessels?
Fibrinoid necrosis
What form of gangrene is the end result of chronic ischemia without infection, often due to peripheral artery disease or diabetes?
Dry gangrene
What blackening of the lung tissue is caused by the accumulation of the most common exogenous pigment, carbon dust?
Anthracosis
Skeletal muscles lose all mitotic activity soon after birth and belong to what group of tissue?
Permanent tissue
What specific cells of the central nervous system are selectively targeted by the polio virus, ultimately leading to the destruction of skeletal muscles?
Neurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord
What specific condition in neurosyphilis is characterized by the syphilitic damage of the posterior columns of the spinal cord, leading to sensory disturbances like numbness and tingling?
Tabes dorsalis
*1000 POINTS*
What is the name of the bacterial exotoxin-producing species, predominately found in soil, that is the primary cause of gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
What condition occurs when excessive systemic iron overload leads to widespread tissue and organ damage, distinguishing it from the less harmful hemosiderosis?
Hemochromatosis