Hello I am student intern ___. What is your name?
What are the five clinical signs and symptoms that always manifest in acute inflammation?
Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function).
What are the two major types of phagocytes responsible for the engulfment and removal of microorganisms and debris?
Neutrophils and macrophages
Hypertension is characterized as a disorder where blood pressure goes beyond what specific measurement?
140/90 mm Hg.
A pheochromocytoma is a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes severe hypertension by overproducing epinephrine and norepinephrine, which belong to what collective hormone group?
Catecholamines
Blood pressure is regulated as a function of cardiac output multiplied by what other factor?
Peripheral vascular resistance
In response to injury, what term is used to describe the increased blood flow resulting from the dilation of arterioles and precapillary sphincters?
Hyperemia
What is the directed migration of a phagocytic cell toward a region of high concentration of an attractive agent called?
Chemotaxis
While primary or essential hypertension is the most common form, what percentage of all hypertension cases are classified as secondary?
5-10%
What is the alternative name for Conn's syndrome, a condition characterized by excessive production of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and is calculated by multiplying heart rate by what?
Stroke volume
What noninflammatory fluid forms without increased permeability, contains relatively little protein, and has a specific gravity of 1.012 or less?
Transudate
Which white blood cells represent the largest population to emigrate to an inflammation site, reaching their maximal amount within the first 12 to 24 hours?
Neutrophils
What rapidly progressing type of hypertension features a minimal diastolic pressure of 120 mm Hg and is morphologically manifested by hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
Malignant hypertension
Aldosterone increases blood pressure by promoting the reabsorption of what specific cation in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys?
Sodium
What is the most powerful hypertensive substance produced in the body, which directly causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion?
Angiotensin II
When leukocytes adhere along the endothelial surface and flatten out to suggest the appearance of paving stones, what is this phenomenon called?
Pavementing of leukocytes
*1000 POINTS*
What rare genetic disease impairs host defense by causing defects in both phagocytic motility and degranulation, often leading to early death?
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
In hypertension, arterioles often show a homogenous pink thickening with associated luminal narrowing known by what term?
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
*1000 POINTS*
What hormone, produced by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased stretching of the atrial wall, acts as an antagonist to aldosterone to reduce blood volume?
Atriopeptin (or atrial natriuretic hormone)
In response to a decrease in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole, the juxtaglomerular apparatus releases what enzyme to initiate the production of Angiotensin II?
Renin
What specific type of inflammation is a response to a mild injury where only fluid is allowed to escape, such as in a common cold or a second-degree burn?
Serous inflammation
Lysozyme, elastase, collagenase, and lactoferrin belong to what broad class of mechanisms used by phagocytes to kill bacteria?
Oxygen-independent mechanisms
Recovery from what specific renal disease automatically leads to recovery from its associated secondary hypertension without needing specific hypotensive treatment?
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APG)
Taking NSAIDs like aspirin can potentially cause hypertension because they suppress the production of what specific vasodilating substances?
Prostaglandins
While alpha-adrenergic receptors undergo stimulation during stressful states, what specific receptors are sensitive to low blood concentrations of catecholamines typical for a state of rest?
Beta-adrenergic receptors