The Integumentary System pt.1
How much of your body weight is made up of the integumentary system?
16%
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to the deepest?
Stratum corneum -> stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin) -> stratum granulosum -> stratum spinosum -> stratum Basale
What is the inner lining of bone that covers the medullary cavity? What is the outer lining of bone that houses bone forming cells?
endosteum (endo = inner)
periosteum (peri = around)
What are the 4 types of bone cells discussed in class and what is their purpose?
Osteoblasts - form new bone
Osteocytes - bone maintenance
osteoclasts - break down bone
What are the major components of the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
What are the 3 layers of the Integumentary System going in order from most superficial to the deepest?
Epidermis -> dermis -> hypodermis
what cells make up the majority of the epidermis that produces a protein that protects the skin from damage and water loss?
keratinocytes
Which anatomical part of the bone is the growth plate located? What is the technical name for the growth plate in this region?
metaphysis; epiphyseal plate
What are the two types of ossification and how does bone form for each type?
Intramembranous ossification - bone develops directly from the mesenchyme
Endochondral ossification - bone forms by replacing a hyaline cartilage
80 bones approximately
How long does it take for complete skin renewal of a skin cell to occur from the stratum Basale to the stratum corneum?
approximately 4 weeks
What is the primary pigment in determining skin color? What pigment produces yellow-orange color? What pigment contributes to red/pink tones of skin and red pigment in blood?
Melanin - skin color
Carotene - yellow-orange pigment
Hemoglobin - red/pink of skin & red of blood
Which anatomical structure of bone makes up the shaft? Which anatomical structure makes up the ends?
Diaphysis - shaft
Epiphysis - ends
What is the law that states that bones adapt to constant mechanical stress by becoming thicker and stronger - similar to muscles
Wolff's law
How many vertebrae are present in infants? How many are present in adults? Why do infants have more vertebrae than adults?
infants - 33
adults - 26
The sacrum and coccyx are fused into 2 bones in adulthood, while the sacrum is 5 bones in infancy, and the coccyx is 4
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis? The dermis (both layers)? The hypodermis?
Epidermis - epithelial tissue
papillary layer of the dermis - loose connective tissue
reticular layer of the dermis - dense connective tissue
hypodermis - loose connective & adipose tissue
Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to soft, weak, deformed bones in children. Name the vitamin and the associated condition
vitamin D (needed for calcium absorption)
Rickets
What is the purpose of red and yellow marrow? Where is the marrow held?
Red marrow - blood cell formation
yellow marrow - fat storage
both can be held in the medullary cavity
Which hormones are involved in raising and lowering blood calcium?
Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium
Parathyroid hormone - raises blood calcium
What are the 8 bones that make up the cranium?
Frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid
Which layer of the integumentary system houses hair follicles and sweat glands?
reticular layer of the dermis
What are the three types of skin cancer discussed in class? Which is the most common? which has highest risk of metastasis?
Basal cell carcinoma - most common
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma - highest risk of metastasis
Bones are classified by their shape - what are the main types? give an example of each
long bones - femur
short bones - carpals
flat bones - sternum
irregular bones - vertebrae
sesamoid bones - patella
Which hormone stimulates bone lengthening in children? which hormone ensures proper proportion of bone?
Growth hormone
thyroid hormone
The external auditory meatus, the mastoid process, the mandibular fossa and styloid process are all landmarks or features of which bone?
temporal