Heart 1
The amount of blood squeezed out of the ventricles per one beat.
What is Stroke Volume (SV)?
BONUS: How can you find Stroke Volume?
Equation to find Cardiac Output (CO).
What is HR x SV = CO?
The three tunics of blood vessels and their tissue types.
What is:
1) Tunica Intima - Simple Squamous ET
2) Tunica Media - Smooth Muscle
3) Tunica Externa - D.I.C.T.
Which kind of vessel only has one tunic with a thin membrane around it?
Explain circulatory shock. How does this differ/relate to hypotension?
What is the condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and can't circulate blood normally.
Hypotension (BP of at or below 90/60 mmHg) long-term can lead to circulatory shock.
List the acute signs of inflammation.
What is:
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Heat
4. Swelling
Demonstrate how an increase in preload ultimately affects Cardiac Output (CO)?
What is:
Increase in Preload --> Increased EDV --> Increased Strength of Contraction --> Decreased ESV --> Increased SV --> Increased CO
These make up intercalated discs in the myocardium and serve to act as:
1. Velcro between cells to ensure they don't tear from each other
2. Electrical and chemical communication between cells
What is:
1. Desmosomes
2. Gap Junctions
Receptors that detect changes in CO2, O2, and pH levels to report back to the medulla oblongata
What are Chemoreceptors?
Three main factors influencing peripheral resistance.
What is:
1. Blood Viscosity
2. Blood Vessel Length
3. Blood Vessel Diameter
Infected cells secrete this signal to healthy neighboring cells to warn surrounding cells that they have been infected.
What are interferons?
This ion prolongs depolarization in the cardiac muscle cell action potential, causing it to have an extended refractory period.
What is Calcium (Ca2+)?
The amount of blood left over in the ventricles after systole (contraction)
What is End-Systolic Volume (ESV)?
List the vessel classes in size order, starting from the aorta then circling back to the heart (*both arterial and venous sides)
What is:
Elastic Arteries -- Muscular Arteries -- Arterioles, Terminal Arterioles -- Capillary Beds -- Postcapillary Venules -- Veins -- Vena Cavae
List the hormones directly responsible for maintaining high systemic blood pressure (BP).
What is:
Aldosterone, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Angiotensin II, Epinephrine/NE?
BONUS: Which hormone is responsible for descreasing systemic BP?
The main phagocytes of the innate immune system.
Which becomes phagocytic after intial exposure to infections/pathogens?
What is:
Neutrophils, macrophages
Macrophages stem from monocytes, which aren't phagocytic until after exposure
Pressure of which ventricles must overcome to push blood out through the Sl valves and into major arteries.
What is Afterload?
BONUS: What do you predict would happen to the heart if you had an increased afterload (higher BP) for a long period of time?
Sources of influence for:
Increase/Decrease in Heart Rate (HR)
Increase/Decrease in Contractility
What is;
(+/-) Chronotropic Factors
(+/-) Inotropic Agents
List the different capillaries and explain their structural, functional, and locational differences.
What is:
Continuous -- most common, least permeable with most tight junctions; in muscles, skin, and CNS
Fenestrated -- more permeable with some fenestrae (holes) and more intercellular clefts; in organs involved in filtration
Sinusoidal -- least common, most permeable with largest fenestrae; hunting grounds for macrophages; in liver, bone marrow, and spleen
Receptors detecting change in blood pressure levels to report back to medulla oblongata.
What are Baroreceptors?
The stages of phagocyte mobilization.
Which WBC is the first responder to the site of injury/infection?
1. Leukocytosis
2. Margination
3. Diapedesis
4. Chemotaxis
NEUTROPHILS -- Macrophages then follow
This is the "pacemaker" of the heart -- made of cells that delf-depolarize and send impulses to the rest of the intrinsic conduction system.
What is the Sinoatrial (SA) Node?
Explain how multiple myocardial infarctions (<3 attacks) can ultimately lead to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Heart becomes weak after cardiac muscle cells are replaced with scar tissue (cardiac muscle cells do not regenerate)
Heart works harder and pushes less blood out, leading to decrease in CO
Explain the pressure gradient throughout the capillary bed from the arterial to venous side and how that regulates bulk flow.
BP higher on arterial side (35mmHg), lower on venous side (17mmHg)
Hydrostatic Pressure: pushes H2O out of the capillary bed on arterial side, then as we go to the venous side...
Colloid Osmotic Pressure is constant, but as Hydrostatic Pressure decreases futher into the capillary bed, it's exceeded by Osmotic Pressure, thus pulling that H2O back into the capillary bed.
State the difference(s) between intrinsic (local) control of blood flow and extrinsic (global) control of blood flow.
Intrinsic (Local): Control from within the organ/tissue -- controls terminal arterioles' diameter in those organs
Extrinsic (Global): Control is from outside the tissue/organ -- uses sympathetic nervous system (Epi/NE) and hormones
In a fever, what signals are secreted to raise body temperature?
Explain how a moderate fever can be beneficial.
What are Pyrogens?
High temperature denatures proteins of virus to inhibit effects on human body cells.