Lymphatic (Ch 22a)
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
fluid balance, fat absorption, and defense
What are some of the chemical mediators of innate immunity? What do they have in common?
complement, prostaglandins, lysozyme, mucus, sebum, and certain cells involved in phagocytosis and inflammatory response. They all cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, and attraction of immune related cells and alert system that result in pain and fever.
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
regulation of blood pH, production of chemical mediators, voice production, olfaction, and protection
What are the functions of the kidneys?
ultrafiltration of blood, excretion of waste, regulation of blood plasma, solutes, and acid-base balance, and production of hormones
Describe lymphatic vessels.
more permeable than blood capillaries, have one-way valves, lymph moves by auto-spasm, inspiration, and movement of skeletal muscles
Explain the differences between antigens (antigenic determinants), epitopes, and haptens.
antigens are specific regions of a given antigen that is recognized by a lymphocyte. One antigen can have different epitopes. Haptens are not antigens or epitopes, they need larger molecules to stimulate an immune response.
What are the muscles used during expiration? What muscles are used during inspiration?
Expiration- internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.
Inspiration- diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalenes.
What is the nephron? What are the components of the nephron?
the functional and histological unit of the kidney. It contains the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
What are the functions of the spleen?
destroys defective RBCs, responds to foreign antigens, iron metabolism, limited reservoir for blood
How does the activation of lymphocytes occur?
antigenic receptors for both B and T cells- the surface of lymphocytes combine directly with antigenic determinants, or activation of major histocompatibility complex.
What are the cell types in the respiratory membrane and what do they do?
Type I pneumocytes form 90% of the surface of alveolus, responsible for gas exchange.
Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant. Dust cells are phagocytes
Describe the differences between the ascending and descending loop of Henle?
descending is permeable to water, and ascending is NOT. In ascending loop sodium, chlorine, and potassium are transported out of filtrate.
Explain the structure and functions of lymph nodes.
only structure that filters lymph, substances are removed by phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate in germinal centers, have a medulla and cortex
What is costimulation?
required by lymphocytes to become fully activated and proliferate. Can be done by cytokine or surface molecules
What factors determine the diffusion of gasses through the respiratory membrane?
Compliance, membrane thickness, diffusion coefficient of gas, surface area, and partial pressure differences.
What is the role of the vasa recta?
removes excess water and solutes that enter the medulla without destroying the high concentration of solutes in interstitial fluid of medulla.
Explain diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules.
Diffuse lymphatic tissue has dispersed lymphocytes and macrophages and blends with other lymphatic tissue.
Lymphatic nodules are denser; found in loose connective tissue of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Describe innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate is non-specific and involves physical barriers and chemical mediators. Adaptive involves specificity and memory.
Summarize shifting of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. (tissues vs. lungs)
In the tissues, the curve shifts to the right. As pH decreases, pressure of CO2 and temperature increases, which results in an increased release of oxygen.
In the lungs, the curve shifts to the left. As pH increase, pressure of CO2 and temperature decreases, which results in an increased ability of hemoglobin to pick up oxygen.
Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
initiated under low blood pressure conditions to counteract the dropping pressure. Renin is released by juxtaglomerular cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs stimulates aldosterone secretion, the sensation of thirst, and ADH secretion. Aldosterone acts on distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increase sodium reabsorption and water reabsorption.