Joints
What are the 3 types of structural classification of a joint?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What type of synovial joint is the atlanto-occipital joint? The atlantoaxial?
condyloid; pivot
How many articulations are included in the elbow joint? How many are in the knee joint?
2 articulations in the elbow, 3 articulations in the knee
Muscle tissue converts what into movements?
ATP
This structure of the sarcomere delivers action potentials in skeletal muscle
t-tubules
What are the 3 types of functional classification of joints, and what do each of them mean?
Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable)
The tooth in the alveolar socket would be defined as what type of fibrous joint?
gomphosis
At what point do joints develop?
during embryonic development alongside bones (in the womb)
What are the two components that are needed for muscle contraction and relaxation to occur?
ATP and calcium
Sarcomere boundaries are defined by what? What within those boundaries are the dark thick regions made up of myosin filaments? What about the lighter thin regions made up of actin filaments?
z-line to z-line; A-band; I-band
Fibrous joints are connected by what?
dense connective tissue
Which type of synovial joint allow for multiaxial movement, making it the most movable type of synovial joint
ball-and-socket
What are two examples of ball-and-socket joints?
glenohumeral; hip
what are the 4 functional properties of all muscle?
excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
The location in which a motor neuron is connecting and communicating with a muscle fiber is called ______
neuromuscular junction
Cartilaginous joints are connected by _______, and what are the different types of cartilaginous joints? What is an example of each of these?
cartilage; synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate & costal cartilage); symphyses (pubic symphysis)
What is the name of the cartilage that covers the ends of bones?
articular cartilage
which joints are prone to arthritis and replacement?
Hip joint; knee joint
what are the 3 connective tissue layers that cover muscle? what specifically is each layer covering?
Endomysium (covering individual muscle fibers)
Perimysium (covering bundles of muscle fibers -fascicles)
epimysium (covers the muscle)
what neurotransmitter starts the muscle contraction process?
acetylcholine
Synovial joints have a _________ that make them movable?
joint cavity
What are the different types of angular movements?
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, rotation, circumduction
What are bursa (singular)/ bursae (plural)
fluid-filled sacs that help reduce friction
Sarcomeres are the repeating units that make up ______
myofibrils
What type of contraction occurs when the muscle stays the same length, but tension is being produced? what about when the muscle is changing length, and movement and tension is produced?
Isometric contraction; isotonic contraction