Level 1
Which of these muscle types are striated? Which are voluntary?
Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth
Striated: cardiac & skeletal
Voluntary: Skeletal
What are the functions of skeletal muscle (name at least two)?
Some functions of skeletal muscle include movement, posture, respiration, thermoregulation
How do osteoclasts and osteoblasts differ in function?
Osteoclasts: break down bone
Osteoblasts: lay down bone
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions
Within the synaptic cleft, what is the role of ACh and AChE. What do these abbreviations stand for?
ACh - activates Na+ channels
AChE - removes ACh from synaptic cleft
What is the sliding filament theory? Do filaments change length?
Sliding Filament Theory: Muscle contraction occurs as actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere but NOT the filaments
Please define the following:
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Synarthrosis: An immovable joint where bones are connected by fibrous tissue
Amphiarthrosis: A slightly movable joint where bones are connected by cartilage
Diarthrosis: A freely movable joint with a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
What covers actin's active site during the cross-bridge cycle?
Tropomyosin-Troponin unit
What is a muscle twitch?
Quick contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber
What is the difference between complete and incomplete tetanus?
Complete Tetanus: the muscle is stimulated at such a high frequency that no relaxation occurs between contractions, resulting in a smooth and sustained contraction.
Incomplete Tetanus: the muscle is stimulated at a frequency that allows partial relaxation between contractions, leading to a wavelike pattern in muscle tension.
What is actin? Myosin?
Actin - thin filaments
Myosin - thick filaments
Differentiate between Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis.
Kyphosis: An excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine (upper back), resulting in a rounded or hunched posture.
Lordosis: An excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine (lower back), causing an exaggerated arch in the lower back.
Scoliosis: A sideways curvature of the spine, often resembling an "S" or "C" shape.
What is the role of calcium in the cross-bridge cycle?
Calcium binds to the troponin-tropomyosin unit, allowing for the exposure of the active site on actin
What are synergists as related to muscle contraction? Antagonists?
Synergists: muscles that work together to produce a movement
Antagonists: muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
What is the difference between slow and fast muscle fibers?
Slow muscle fibers contract slowly, are fatigue-resistant, and rely on aerobic respiration.
Fast muscle fibers contract quickly, fatigue easily, and rely on anaerobic respiration.
The epiphyseal plate is a growth plate of cartilage at the ends of long bones. It indicates where bone growth is occurring. Once growth is complete, the plate is replaced by bone, leaving an epiphyseal line.
What is a power-stroke?
In muscle contraction, the power stroke is the step where the myosin head pivots and pulls the actin filament, shortening the sarcomere and generating force.
What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction?
Isotonic contractions involve a change in muscle length while the tension remains constant.
Isometric contractions involve no change in muscle length, even though muscle tension increases.
How do muscle cells differ from other cells?
Muscle cells have contractile filaments, are excitable, and are multinucleated.
What is PTH, and what is its function?
What is the function of Calcitonin?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - increases blood calcium levels
Calcitonin - decreases blood calcium levels
Short: Carpals
Long: Femur
Irregular: Vertebrae
Flat: Sternum
What is the difference between strains and sprains?
Sprain: A sprain is an injury to ligaments
Strain: A strain is an injury to muscles or tendons
In the cross-bridge cycle, what is the cross-bridge a connection between?
Actin and myosin
What number of vertebrae are present in each region of the spine?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacrum
Cervical: 7 vertebrae (neck)
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (upper back)
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (lower back)
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae (pelvic region)
What are the four steps of bone healing?
1 - Hematoma
2 - Soft callus
3 - Hard, bony callus
4 - Bone remodeling (up to one year)