Fluid and Electrolytes
define ICF
Intracellular = Water in the cells, 40% of body weight
what does the pituitary gland secrete to regulate fluid balance
anit-diuretic hormone = vasopressin
causes of FVE
who's at risk?
over-hydration, abnormal intake
at risk - older adults, chronic debilitating conditions, any person receiving IV therapy
What is the sodium range of values?
135-145 mEq/L
What can cause of hyponatremia?
GI suctioning, diarrhea, inadequate salt intake, vomiting, diuretics, fluid shifts
define ECF
Extravascular = Intravascular (PLASMA), Interstitial (Between Cells), Transcellular space (Fluid in abdominal cavity, synovial cavity, etc.)
What is low ADH also known as?
diabetes insipidus
increased output
Clinical manifestations of FVD
weight loss, decreased skin turgor, dry oral mucous membranes, decreased urinary output, increased urinary specific gravity, increased BUN and HCT
What is the calcium range of values?
8.4-10.2 mg/dL
What can cause of hypernatremia?
cushing's syndrome, diabetes insipidus, excessive water loss, high sodium food
what is osmolarity/osmolality
concentration of solute in solution
what is high ADH also know as
SIADH syndrome of inappropriate ADH
decreased output
clinical manifestations of FVE
Weight gain, peripheral edema, distended neck veins, increased central venous pressure, Fluid in the lungs, SOB dyspnea, JVD, Polyuria, decreased BUN, HCT
What is the body's PH range?
7.35-7.45
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia?
neurological, headache, lethargy, muscle twitching, coma, seizure precautions
what is Urine Specific Gravity (SG)
the number of particles in the urine
the adrenal cortex secretes what hormone to regulate blood pressure
aldosterone
What is the Potassium Range of values?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is the body's CO2 range?
35-45
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?
(fried) febrile, restless, increased edema, decreased urine output, thirst, elevated temp, dry mouth + sticky mouth membranes
what does the Hypothalamus regulate
thirst mechanism
causes of FVD
diarrhea, blood loss, trauma, GI suctioning, burns, vomiting, diuretics
What is the Chloride range of values?
97-107 mEq/L
What is the body's HCO3 (bicarbonate) range?
22-26
Care plan for hyponatremia: List interventions for treatment
sodium replacement, high sodium foods, strict I&O
low sodium + FVD = isotonic fluid
low sodium + FVE = give loop diuretics as opposed to thiazides