Cells, Stems, and Meristems
What are the three cell types that make up all tissues?
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
What kind of cells make up xylem?
Sclerenchyma cells, and tracheary elements
Key functions of roots
Anchoring, water and nutrient uptake, and starch storage
SURPRISE ROOT QUESTION The way lateral roots develop
Lateral roots form from the pericycle in the region of maturation by breaking through the cortex and epidermis, developing its own vascular tissue which then connects to the main vascular system through the procambium
Difference between a simple and compound leaf
Compound leaves have multiple leaflets, and simple leaves will not be divided past the midrib but can be deeply lobed
The three primary meristems
What is the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
What are tracheary elements?
Tracheids (thin, unperforated cells) and vessels (larger, perforated cells) that conduct water in the xylem tube
Key characteristics of a root
Root cap, root hairs, mucilaginous sheath, and lateral roots
What is the definition of phyllotaxy
The arrangement of leaves on a plant
Which side of the leaf is the stoma typically found?
Abaxial/bottom side
What cell types that are alive at maturity, and the cell types dead at maturity?
Parenchyma and Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma
What kind of cells make up phloem?
Parenchyma, and sieve elements
Where are the three primary meristems found in roots, what tissues do they produce, and how are they arranged in monocots and dicots?
Procambium under the root cap (vascular tissue), ground meristem in the cortex (ground tissue), and protoderm in the epidermis (dermal tissue)
(refer to diagram)
How can we tell apart dicots and monocots?
Monocot monkey faces arranged randomly in the shoot, and have a pith in the root
Dicots are formed in a continuous ring in the shoot, and lack a pith in the roots
Why does the location of stomata make sense ecologically?
The bottom is more shaded and cooler, so it's less prone to water loss
The benefits of having cells dead at maturity
To save energy and resources, but still be useful for conduction etc
What are sieve elements?
Sieve tube (dead elongated cell) companion cells (living cells that control sieve tube) and sieve plates (allow photosynthates to flow)
The three different regions in a root and their relation to lateral roots and root hairs
Tip to shoot- region of cell division, region of elongation, and region of maturation. Lateral roots and root hairs only develop in the region of maturation
How does vascular tissue differ in arrangement between roots, stems, and leaves in both monocots and dicots
In the monocot stems and leaves, you can see the monkey face of the vascular bundle and in roots it is arranged in a continuous line. In Dicot stems, they are covered with a bundle sheath, in roots it has a star shape, and leaves look like oval shaped idk
What are bulliform cells and what kind of cells are they made of?
Bulliform cells contract when they are dry, causing the leaf to curl up and prevent dehydration. They are located on the epidermis and made up of dermal cells
What kind of cells make up ground tissue
Almost completely parenchyma, but may have collenchyma and sclerenchyma
How can cell types and tissue types be differentiated?
The way they look (refer to diagram)
What is the casparian strip and why is it important?
The casparian stripis found in the endodermis and acts as a crossing guard for water and nutrients with the use of suberin
How does the function of bundle sheath differ between stems and leaves?
What is the purpose of the palisade layer and spongy layer in dicot leaves?
Palisade layer = photosynthesis
Spongy layer = gas exchange