Leisure, Sport, & Tourism

Definitions

100

Define Leisure

Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non‑work time.

200

Define Sport

A physical activity involving a set of rules or customs. The activity may be competitive.

300

Define Tourism

Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure. Note that this definition excludes day‑trippers.  

400

Define hotspot

This is an area of intense leisure activities that attract above above-average number of visitors. Tourists are attracted to these areas because they have primary and secondary resources and they are accessible.

500

Define carrying capacity

The maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can satisfy at one time.

Changing leisure patterns

100

State an example of Niche tourism

- Adventure example

- Movie location example

- Heritage example

200

Outline two factors in international tourism that have led to an increase in tourists visiting remote areas.

- Technology- advertisements/social media, cheaper/fast air transport, booking online via internet

- Development of infrastructure - previously inaccessible locations are not accessible to visitors. Pathways and transport links have been developed.

300

State and explain two reasons for increased leisure time

- Increase in disposable income

- Increase in advertisement

- Improvement in transportation

- Cheaper cost of transportation

- More leisure time allocated for workers

- Paid leaves

- Early retirement

400

Explain the link between economic development and participation in leisure in both LICs and HICs

HIC = higher participation. Gov provides infrastructure, individuals can afford to buy tickets to sports games/events, individuals are educated in the more complex sports.

LIC = lower participation. Lack of Gov funding in infrastructure. Unable to afford equipment. Too many hours spent working/surviving. Men typically participate in more activities than women.

500

Bhutan vs UK

Explain 3 factors that affect participation in sports and tourism in each country.

- Affluence ($)

- Stage of life cycle (age)

- Place of residence

- Personality

- Employment

Tourism and sport at the local and national scale

100

Define primary and secondary tourist resource

Primary Tourist Resources are the main tourist attractions. For example climate, scenery (desert, national parks), coastal resorts, historic and heritage buildings (Cape Coast castle), indigenous cultures, cultural dance, and festivals. 

Secondary Tourist Resources can be external (airports, sea ports, road networks that cut across national borders, railway) or it can be internal (car parks, well-developed signposts, hotels, electricity, internet services, restaurants, water supply, sanitation).

200

State and explain three factors that determine whether an area is a hotspot

• Climate - appropriate for specific type of tourism (eg sunny for beaches, snowy for ski resorts etc)

• Natural environment (eg beaches, beautiful scenery, mountains, coral reefs)

• Ecology (eg wild animals for safari, rich reef life, jungle)

Human:

• Accessibility (eg airports, road links)

• Population distribution (is it near to large centres of population who might visit?)

• Affordability (is it good value for money? Currency issues will influence this)

• Media profile

• Safety (is it safe to visit?)

• Proximity to other tourist sites

300

Define sphere of influence and give an example of an event which would have a large sphere of influence

Sphere of Influence - the area from which the event draws its competitors and/or supporters 

Large sphere of influence - For example, the Olympics, World Cup, Formula 1, National league sports, famous monuments & landmarks

400

Explain 2 factors that affect 1) the location of NBA teams and 2) the distribution of NBA supporters 

1. Population density
2. The level of income of the residence
3. The demographic composition of the population
4. The presence of certain physical activities (topography)
5. The level of infrastructure in the area
6. When the town is politically stable, teams will be located in the area since the teams need peace to thrive.
7. Government and private investment in infrastructure to support sports development that is meant to attract young people to a sporting event are more likely to encourage teams to emerge from sub-cities or towns.
8. Cultural and historical factors
9. Proximity to competing teams: The essence of being a sporting team is to compete with others for a grand prize. As such, teams would be located in towns that have other teams. This reduces the cost of travel, as the teams do not have to go over long distances to play with others

500

Outline 2 costs and 2 benefits of the Glastonbury Festival

- SEEP

Tourism and sport at the international scale

100

Define niche tourism and give 1 example

Niche tourism is a form of tourism that caters for the needs of small numbers of tourists. There are many forms of niche tourism, which include Adventure tourism, Ecotourism, Heritage tourism, Movie tourism, Agro tourism, Medical tourism, Silver (grey) tourism, and Dark tourism.

200

Outline one way in which investment by transnational corporations (TNCs) can help places grow as tourist destinations. [2]

- could improve infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, hotel and internet services)
- employment opportunities eg tour guides, drivers
- increase in Gov revenue and FDI
- helps to advertise the country's tourist potential
- develops skills of local people through training

300

Outline 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of TNCs for 1) local residents
2) government

1) adv- increase in jobs available, increased competition with local businesses 

disadv- increase competition could put businesses out of work, increased traffic, strain on public utilities (water, electricity, food)

2) adv- more tax revenue, reduces cost of unemployment benefit

disadv- TNCs take profits back to HQ [leakage], large TNCs can control gov in LICs

400

In the Maldives, tourism is used as a development strategy. Outline 1 cost and 1 benefit of this.

SEEP !

500

Explain two factors that must be considered before a country can host the Olympics

Political- peace/stability, political isolation, memberships in intl organizations

Economic- level of development, number of cities, financial benefits involved

Social- Level of interest by the people (supporting and history of participation in sport)

Managing tourism and sport

100

Define unstainable tourism

Unsustainable tourism is tourism that fails to consider the livelihood and culture of the local population and does little to protect the natural environment/resources.

200

Define environmental carrying capacity, and give an example of a location that you know that exceeds this

The limit of a site beyond which wear and tear will start taking place or environmental problems will arise.

300

Explain 3 conflicts between locals and tourists in Venice

- Loss of local culture due to tourists’ culture

- View Large cruise ships as a pest

- Severe congestion and overcrowding (People) 

- Tourists disrespect historical and heritage sites 

- Congestion and overcrowding (Roads) 

- Tourist Pigeon culture 

- Inflation

- Economic problems (overpriced services)

- Littering and pollution

400

Outline two strategies to increase site resilience or carrying capacity of Venice

Bans on day trippers

Cruise ship size limit and only allowing access from the west end of the city

One way roads to reduce congestion on roads and canals

Fines for tourists who ignore cultural rules

Banning to sale of grain to feed pigeons

Gov building more affordable housing for locals

Patrol popular sites to rebuke tourists littering

Blocking off areas to prevent littering

500

[not taught] define sustainable tourism

Sustainable tourism - "tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities."