China — Ming & Qing
Who founded the Ming dynasty?
Who was Zhu Yuanzhang (also known as the Hongwu Emperor)?
Who became shogun in 1603 and unified Japan?
Who is Tokugawa Ieyasu?
What Roman-inspired title did Ivan III adopt?
What is “czar”
Which Chinese dynasty is sometimes called the first “gunpowder empire”
What is the Ming dynasty?
What was Japan’s isolationist foreign policy called?
What is sakoku?
What was the main purpose of Zheng He’s voyages?
What was to increase China’s tribute and demonstrate the power of the Ming Empire?
What were the four main social classes under Tokugawa rule?
What are warriors, farmers, artisans, and merchants?
What group of noble landowners did Ivan the Terrible try to weaken?
Who are the boyars?
Which Europeans first introduced muskets to Japan in 1543?
Who are the Portuguese?
Why did the late Ming dynasty begin to isolate China from the outside world?
What is they viewed foreign cultures as inferior and wanted to focus on defending against Mongol threats?
Why did the Ming shift from naval expansion to rebuilding the Great Wall?
What is because overseas expeditions were expensive failures, and defending against renewed Mongol threats required strengthening the Great Wall instead?
Why did the Tokugawa restrict gunpowder production and access to firearms?
What is to prevent daimyo from gaining military power and challenging the shogunate?
What was Peter the Great’s main goal for Russia?
What is to modernize and westernize Russia to make it competitive with Europe?
How did gunpowder help the Manchus defeat the Ming?
What is they combined cavalry tactics with gunpowder weapons taken from Chinese arsenals?
How did Qing trade restrictions (like limiting Europeans to Canton) affect the economy?
What is they kept China wealthy at first but later slowed economic progress and innovation?
How did Confucian ideals shape Ming & Qing economic policies?
What is they emphasized agriculture over trade, supported Confucian scholar‑officials, and restricted commercial activity to maintain social order?
How did the sakoku policy benefit the Tokugawa regime in the short term?
What is it preserved social order and reduced foreign influence, keeping Japan stable?
How did military modernization under the early czars help Russia expand?
What is by replacing cavalry with gunpowder infantry and artillery, allowing Russia to conquer new lands?
How did the spread of firearms change feudal power in Japan?
What is it allowed ambitious daimyo to overpower rivals and eventually unify Japan?
What common reason did both China and Japan have for adopting isolation policies?
What is to preserve traditional culture and prevent foreign influence from destabilizing society?
Explain how Qing isolation both strengthened and later weakened China
What is isolation protected China’s traditions and stability at first, but eventually left it technologically behind and vulnerable to Western powers?
Why was Japan vulnerable when Western powers arrived in the 1800s?
What is because isolation kept Japan from modernizing its weapons, industry, and military?
How did serfdom contribute to the fall of the Russian monarchy?
What is it created massive inequality and unrest that fueled the 1917 revolution?
What similarity links Russia’s and China’s use of gunpowder in expanding their empires?
What is both used firearms and artillery to conquer large territories and centralize authority?
How did isolation help these empires in the short term but hurt them in the long term?
What is it preserved stability early on but later left them technologically behind and vulnerable to Western powers?