Renaissance
Rebirth of CLASSICAL ideas, art, etc. (Ancient Greece/Rome)
What is the Renaissance?
Catholic Church accused of being _______ began the Reformation
What is corrupt?
This astronomer supported Copernicus' HELIOCENTRIC Theory by using a telescope to observe the rings of Saturn and the moons of Jupiter.
Who is Galileo?
Punishment should fit the crime
No torture
No cruel and unusual punishment
Speedy, public trial
Who is Cesare Beccaria?
Challenging traditional religious views was repeated after the Reformation. In this era, the challenge to religious views concerned the NATURAL WORLD
What is the Scientific Revolution?
Wide-ranging talents spread across many fields (DaVinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, etc.)
What is a Renaissance Man?
Criticized the Catholic Church, especially for selling indulgences, and written by Martin Luther
What are the 95 Theses?
2 previous sources of scientific knowledge before the Scientific Revolution
1. Catholic Church
2. Ancient texts and ideas (Greek/Roman) like Ptolemy
Natural Rights (life liberty, property) come at birth, not separately
Consent of the Governed (gov't power comes from the people)
If government fails to protect natural rights, it can be overthrown
Who is John Locke?
The spread of new scientific ideas during the Scientific Revolution was assisted by this invention of the Renaissance.
Gutenberg's Printing Press
Study of classical texts and an emphasis on HUMAN VALUES AND CAPABILITITES
What is Renaissance Humanism?
Broke away from Roman Catholic church to end his marriage and take church power in England
Who is Henry VIII?
Scientist who proposed the Earth orbits the Sun (Heliocentric Model)
Copernicus
People enter into a contract to protect the "general will"
If people vote on every issue, the majority of people are good, so good choices will always happen (majority will and direct democracy)
Emphasis on observation/experimentation from the Scientific Revolution directly influenced Enlightenment thinkers' belief in...
The value of EVIDENCE and REASON to solve social and governmental problems
Luther, Galileo, and Voltaire (all from different periods of transformation in Europe) had this in common
What is, they Challenged traditional authorities?
(Catholic Church, Absolute Monarchs, Ancient thinkers)
Aimed to deal with the damage done to the Catholic Church during the Reformation; Meeting to establish common beliefs and recruit more Catholics
What is the Council of Trent?
Emphasized the importance of experimentation and evidence to create the Scientific Method
Who is Bacon?
Wrote "Spirit of Laws" and proposed government power be separated by branches and jobs to provide checks and balances on power.
Who is Montesquieu?
Wealth of Nations
Free market can set prices based on supply/demand and competition
Laissez-Faire (HANDS OFF) Capitalism with no government interference
Father of Capitalism
Who is Adam Smith?
Ways the Renaissance changed Europe
POSSIBLE ANSWERS:
New Ways of Learning: People started reading old books from ancient Greece and Rome. This made them interested in subjects like art and history.
Art Changes: Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo started making art that looked more real and 3D. They paid attention to details and shadows. (perspective)
Books for Everyone: Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which made books cheaper and easier to get. More people learned to read, and new ideas spread faster.
Ways the Reformation changed Europe
What are
New Christian Groups: Before the Reformation, most people in Europe were Catholic. But after, new Christian groups like Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anglicans formed.
Bibles in Everyday Language: Before, Bibles were mostly in Latin. But leaders like Martin Luther wanted people to read it in their own language, so more people could understand and study it.
Less Church Power: The Catholic Church had a lot of power and wealth. The Reformation made many people question this power. Over time, in many places, kings and governments took over some roles that used to be controlled by the Church.
Personal Connection to God: Many Reformers believed that people didn't need priests to talk to God for them. They believed everyone could have a direct relationship with God.
Education: Some of the new Christian groups believed that everyone should be able to read the Bible. So, they started schools and promoted education for more people.
New Churches: People started building churches in new styles, and inside, things looked simpler. There were fewer decorations than in many Catholic churches.
"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" or PRINCIPIA set forth the laws of motion and universal gravitation and were written by...
Who is Sir Isaac Newton?
"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."
Who is Voltaire? (Free Speech and Freedom of Religion)
Outcome for Martin Luther's (Reformation) and Galileo's (Scientific Revolution) questioning of the Catholic Church...
What is excommunicated (Luther) and house arrest (Galileo)?