Changes in Europe
This deadly event swept through Europe in the mid-1300s, leading to a sharp decrease in populations.
What is the Black Death?
The primary reason cited for all European exploration was the hope of making this from foreign commerce
What is profit?
The Spanish term for the conquerors who used gunpowder weapons and horses to subdue Indigenous civilizations like the Aztecs and Incas
What are conquistadors?
These coastal trading posts served as commercial centers, managing Portuguese trade and finances in the Asian region
What are factories?
This economic system’s philosophy encourages maximizing exports and accumulating bullion to make a country more powerful than its neighbors
What is mercantilism?
By 1400, this type of regular sea-based exchange largely replaced commercial fairs, causing Europe to begin to unify economically
What is direct trade (or regular, direct shipping)
This Portuguese leader, who sponsored early voyages along the African coast, earned the title "the Navigator"
Who is Prince Henry the Navigator?
This metal, mined extensively in Spanish colonies like Potosí, was extracted in thousands of tons, dramatically increasing Europe’s money supply
What is silver?
In 1499, this country’s Vasco da Gama laid claim to the entire Indian Ocean, setting the stage for their attempt to build a trading empire
What is Portugal?
This term refers to the rapid expansion of business and trade, fueled by overseas expansion and colonization
What is the Commercial Revolution?
Spain, Portugal, and England were all examples of these unified, self-governing, and independent entities that emerged in the 1400s and 1500s
What are nation-states?
This type of ship was critical because its design allowed sailors to travel against winds and currents and survive long voyages across stormy seas.
What is the caravel?
This exchange involved the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, named for a famous Italian sailor
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This strategic location on the Malay Peninsula was the center of the East Indian spice trade and controlled the link between the Indian and Pacific Oceans
What is Malacca?
This economic system is one in which all resources are privately owned and markets determine how those resources are distributed
What is capitalism?
This political term describes the condition of a nation-state that is self-governing and independent
What is sovereign?
Negotiated by Spain and Portugal, this 1494 agreement drew an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean to divide rights to future discovered lands.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
The historian's term for the massive depopulation of Indigenous peoples caused by their lack of resistance to Old World diseases like smallpox
What is the Great Dying?
This country’s East India Company was authorized not only to conduct trade but also to carry out political negotiations and engage in warfare
What are the Netherlands (or the Dutch)?
This is a person willing to take the risks of starting and running a business, often funded by bank loans during the Commercial Revolution
What is an entrepreneur?
Massive amounts of this were raised through taxation and borrowing to support military buildup.
What is revenue?
This mariner, sailing for Spain, captained the expedition that became the first to circumnavigate the globe, though he died in the Philippines
Who is Ferdinand Magellan?
This horrifying transatlantic voyage, was the section of the triangular trade where enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas.
What is the Middle Passage?
The English East India Company focused its trade efforts on this powerful empire, negotiating for trading rights and primarily buying textiles and indigo.
What is the Mughal Empire (or India)?
Product from India that revolutionized English textile manufacturing.
What are cotton textiles (or cotton cloth)?