117 Assessment of Respiratory Rate
What is the primary purpose of pulse oximetry?
To estimate the arterial O2 saturation
On the VD view, are we looking at the cranial or caudal pulmonary vessels?
caudal
Carbon Dioxide Transport: What chemical form accounts for 70% of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?
Bicarbonate (or HCO₃⁻)
What mechanisms lead to increased vascular permeability following an injury?
Increased blood pressure and chemical mediators
How can the immunogenic part of a virus be produced for use in vaccines?
By using nucleic acids that code for viral proteins
What happens to PaCO2 during hypoventilation?
Increase
If we want the dog to lay on it's right side, what is the position?
Right lateral recumbency
Hemoglobin Structure: To what specific element within hemoglobin does oxygen bind?
Iron
What is the role of histamine in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Histamine mediates symptoms like smooth muscle contraction and vasodilation
What is the role of cytokines produced by phagocytic cells in inflammation?
Cytokines regulate and mediate the inflammatory response
What does capnography primarily measure?
CO2 concentration in exhaled air
If we want the dog to be laying on its left side, what view are we taking?
left lateral
Unlike the sigmoidal curve characteristic of hemoglobin, what is the shape of the oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve?
Logarithmic (or Non-sigmoidal)
What is the significance of hemolysins in bacterial infections?
Hemolysins lyse host cells to obtain nutrients
What role do lipid mediators play in the inflammatory response?
Lipid mediators promote inflammation and mediate responses like pain and fever.
What's the normal ETCO2 range in healthy animals?
35-45 mmHg
Does inspiration or expiration make the heart look bigger?
expiration
What is the term for the effect where oxygen loading in the lungs promotes the release of CO₂ and H⁺ from hemoglobin?
Haldane effect
How is Rotavirus primarily transmitted?
Through the fecal-oral route
What type of metamorphosis do fleas undergo in their life cycle?
Complete metamorphosis
What is the purpose of blood gas analysis?
Monitor pulmonary function and acid-base status
You are asked to take orthagonal views, what are you gonna do?
The non-linear, sigmoid shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by what type of oxygen binding?
Cooperative binding (or Cooperative effect)
How do macrophages contribute to the immune defense against pathogens?
Macrophages phagocytose pathogens and activate the immune response.
What does a high sensitivity indicate about a test's ability to detect disease?
A high sensitivity indicates the test can rule out disease. (more likely to result in positives)