Belmont
The three principles discussed in the Belmont Report
Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice
Respect for persons requires that subjects, to the degree that they are capable, be given the opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them.
Informed consent
When researchers use deception, they must explain why deception was used and the nature of the deception.
Debriefing (Standard 8.08)
This was a study of 600 Black men. About 400 were already infected with syphilis and about 200 were not. The study followed them, untreated.
Tuskegee Study
This principle holds that all people should be treated equally
Justice
An agreement to participate in research constitutes a valid consent only if voluntarily given.
Voluntariness
A committee responsible for ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically.
IRB (Standard 8.01)
This was a series of studies on obedience to authority, conducted in the early 1960s, illustrates some of the difficulties of ethical decision making.
Milgram Obedience Study
The requirement of treating individuals as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy
Respect for persons
Stating that the records of the study will be kept private and in any sort of report, it will not include any information that will made it possible to identify a participant.
Confidentiality
This means to establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior
APA principle - Fidelity and responsibility
These were the 3 main issues with the Tuskegee study.
1. Not treated with respect
2. Harmed
3. Targeted a disadvantaged social group
This ethical principle states that a researcher should share positive benefits of a research project with all involved.
BENEFICENCE
A research study in which identifying information is collected but protected from disclosure to people other than the researchers.
Anonymous or confidential study
Data fabrication (researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses), data falsification (researchers selectively delete observations or influence participants to act in a particular way), and plagiarism (representing the words or ideas of others as your own).
Research misconduct (Standard 8.10) and (Standard 8.11)
What was the ethical debate with the Milgram study?
Balancing risk to participants with benefit to society.
A systematic process of identifying, analyzing, and comparing the potential negative outcomes against the expected positive outcomes of a decision, project, or research study
The assessment of risks and benefits
Name 3 requirements of informed consent
Intro on the study, background, risks/ benefits, confidentiality, voluntary nature, funding, contacts, statement of consent
The 3 "r"s in animal research
Replacement (should find an alternative when possible), refinement (must modify procedures to minimize distress), reduction (fewest animal subjects as possible)
How Milgram justified the stress his participants experienced
He claimed that he was contributing important knowledge about obedience to authority and the power of the situation.