Sodium
What is a normal range of sodium?
135–145 mEq/L
what is a normal range for potassium?
3.5 - 5 mEq/L
what is a normal range for calcium?
8.5 - 10.5 mg/ dL
Define osmosis
Movement of water from low to high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane
What is the definition of hypovolemia?
A fluid volume deficit caused by loss of water and electrolytes
Name two causes of hypernatremia?
Water loss (fever, sweating), sodium gain (diet, meds), and inadequate water intake
What is two causes of hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, trauma, sepsis, potassium, sparing, diuretics, excessive intake of potassium
What is the causes of hypocalcemia?
Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, renal failure, pancreatitis
Name 3 ways fluid is lost from the body
sweat, breath, breathing, urine, diarrhea, vomiting
those two causes of hypervolemia
Heart failure, kidney failure, excessive IV fluids, SIADH
What are two signs of hyponatremia?
Lethargy, confusion, muscle, weakness, seizures, coma
What are two signs of hypokalemia?
Constipation, muscle, weakness, alias, decrease bowel sounds, ECG changes
Facial twitching when the facial nerve is tapped is called what?
Positive Chvostek’s which indicates hypocalcemia
How are thirst and ADH related?
ADH increases water absorption in the kidneys; thirst prompts fluid intake
Name three signs/symptoms of hypovolemia
Tachycardia, hypotension, dry, mucus, membranes, decrease, urine output, poor skin turgor
What are two nursing interventions for sodium imbalance?
Daily weights, neurochecks, seizure, precautions, monitor I&O
What are two foods high in potassium?
Bananas, origins, potatoes, spinach, avocados, beans
What is the Range of Magnesium
What are 2 signs of hypermagnesemia
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Lethargy, bradycardia, hypotension, shallow, respirations hyporeflexia
What happens to the cells in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out, causing the cell to shrink
What lab value may increase with hypovolemia due to hemoconcentration?
BUN, hematocrit, or urine specific gravity
Name two foods high in sodium
Canned soups, process meats, pickles, frozen dinners
What is a nursing consideration with giving IV potassium
NEVER give IV push is can lead to cardiac arrest
What is magnesium’s role in the heart?
Helps regulate cardiac rhythm and contractility
What is the a common type of IV solution given to patients, we when just want to replace fluid loss?
Normal Saline
What are three priority nursing interventions for hypervolemia?
Monitor weight and I&O, elevate, had a bad, restrict, fluids, and sodium, monitor lung sounds, give diuretics