Levels of Processing
Explain levels of processing
An approach that argues that deep, meaningful processing leads to better memory than shallow processing
what is the principle of encoding specificity
That memory is better when the context at encoding matches context at retrieval
Processing that focuses on a word’s sound, such as whether it rhymes
Phonemic processing
Studying in the same room where you take the test may help memory because of this concept.
context dependent memory
This effect shows that relating information to yourself improves memory
The self-reference effect
According to this theory thinking about a words meaning produces better recall than thinking about physical appearance
What is deep processing
Memory Tasks that require reproducing learned material are called
Recall
Processing that involves evaluating whether a word describes a personality trait
What is semantic processing
If someone studies while happy and recalls info better when happy again this represents
mood congruent memory
In classic experiemnts, participants decided whether adjectives described this person
Who is themselves
Considering wether a word is written in capital letters is an example of
Shallow processing
Judging whether you have seen a word before is an example of this type of memory task
Recognition
Judging whether a word is longer than five letters requires what level of processing
Structural precessing
Laboratory studies often show weaker context effects because they frequent use this type of memory measure
Recognition
Self- referential processing is considered deeper than standard semantic processing because it is more this
personally meaningful(or elaborate)
Ferris Craik and blank researcher introduced the levels of processing theory in 1972
Robert Lockhart
Encoding specifies effects are typically stronger in real life situations that involve what type of time span
Long-delay, events that happened long ago
This level of processing typically produces the weakest long-term retention
Shallow processing
When retrieval cues are highly similar to encoding conditions, memory performance tends to do this
Improve or increase
The self- reference effect supports the idea that deeper processing leads to better ______
Recall or memory performance
Analyzing a words meaning and forming associations with it leads to what type of memory
Semantic deep processing
Encoding specificity may depend more on how similar two environments _______ rather than how they look
Feel
Thinking about how a concept relates to your own experience.
semantic processing
According to encoding specificity, retrieval fails not because the memory is gone, but because appropriate _______ are missing
What are retrieval cues
Thinking about how ”kind” applies to your life strengthens memory because it creates a _____
Memory trace